1. The United States in WW I
From Neutrality to War

2. The Causes of the War
Nationalism- each European country believed they were superior to the others; overzealous patriotism
Militarism (Arms Race)- European countries glorified armed strength and war-massive and competitive arms race
Military Alliances- Europeans bound together by a series of military treaties
Imperialism (Rivalry over Colonies)- Europeans competing for colonies in Africa and Asia as a source of raw materials

3. The Causes Spoke
                                                                             

4. ARMS RACE
EACH COUNTRY IN EUROPE HAD A DESIRE TO BETTER ITS ARMY AND NAVY.
GREAT BRITAIN TRADITIONALLY HAD THE MOST POWERFUL NAVY IN EUROPE. GERMANY BEGAN TO EXPAND HER NAVY, WHICH CREATED TENSION BETWEEN THE TWO NATIONS.
FRANCE LOST THE ALSACE-LORRAINE REGION TO GERMANY IN THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR OF THIS LEFT BITTERNESS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES AND A DETERMINATION BY FRANCE TO HAVE HER ARMY READY TO TAKE BACK THE TERRITORY FROM GERMANY.

5. INTRICATE AND SOMETIMES SECRET ALLIANCES IN EUROPE LED TO OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO DIVIDED LOYALTIES IF ATTACKED
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GERMANY WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH ITALY. OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS ALLIED WITH GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA.
SERBIA HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GREAT BRITAIN WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT TO PROTECT BELGIUM’S NEUTRALITY

7. The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungary
                          
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungary
The archduke and his wife Sofia assassinated by a Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip
Occurred in Sarajevo, Bosnia- resented Austria’s control
June 28, 1914

8. ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND FAMILY
THE HEIR TO THE AUSTR0-HUNGARIAN THRONE WAS ASSASSINATED WHILE TOURING THROUGH SERBIA BY GAVRILO PRINCIP, A MEMBER OF AN ORGANIZATION CALLED BLACK HAND, WHO WANTED INDEPENDENCE FOR THE REGION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
THIS ASSASSINATION HELPED LEAD TO THE WAR AS COUNTRIES RUSHED TO AVENGE THE MURDER AND FULFILL THEIR ALLIANCE OBLIGATIONS.

9. The Assassination (Continued)
The Response (Tensions already high)
1. Austria and Germany declared war on Serbia
2. Russia, an ally of Serbia, moved troops to Serbia
3. Germany declared war on Russia and its ally France
4. Britain declared war on Germany

10. ALLIES
FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)
ITALY RUSSIA
JAPAN ROMANIA
SERBIA GREECE
PORTUGAL
THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL NATIONS
NEUTRAL NATIONS
SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK
CENTRAL POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
GERMANY
BULGARIA
TURKEY

11. HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN EUROPE?
MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL BECAUSE:
THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT
EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY
WAR WAS EXPENSIVE
DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) AND DID NOT WANT TO SEVER TIES WITH EITHER ONE BY FIGHTING AGAINST THEM

12. U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282
TOTAL U.S. POPULATION 1910: 91,972,266
U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282
POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP IN MILLIONS

13. Fighting the War-The Bloody Stalemate 1914-1917
WW I ( ) also called the Great War
Europeans thought war would be over in a few months
Germany fought a multi-front war:
1. The Western Front- against Britain and France
2. The Eastern Front- against the Russians

14. The Western Front Eastern France
Front’s position fluctuated little from
Characterized by Trench Warfare
Bloody- massive amount of deaths

16. The Horrors of Trench Warfare
System of trenches dug along a 160-mile line in eastern France
Soldiers fought from and lived in the trenches
Bloody, muddy and unsanitary
Consisted of long artillery bombardments followed by infantry charges
Havens of disease, dead bodies, rats, flies and trench foot

17. Trench Warfare

18. SLEEPING TOOK PLACE IN SHIFTS SO SOMEONE WAS ALWAYS WATCHING THE ENEMY
MOST OF THE TIME IN THE TRENCHES WAS SPENT WAITING FOR THE FIGHTING TO BEGIN
SLEEPING TOOK PLACE IN SHIFTS SO SOMEONE WAS ALWAYS WATCHING THE ENEMY

19. “OVER THE TOP”

20. New Weapons of the 20th Century Warfare-WW I
The Machine Gun
Modern Cannon
Chemical warfare- mustard and chlorine gas
Flame Thrower
Tanks- could break over the trenches and barbed wire
Airplanes- The Red Baron- famous German pilot- downed many Allied planes
U-boat Warfare- “unterseeboots” (submarines)

21. AIRPLANES ENTERED THE SCENE

22. The Machine Gun

23. TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED CANNONS-BIG BERTHA

24. TANKS WERE FIRST INTRODUCED

25. The Flamethrower

26. SUBMARINES, CALLED “U-BOATS” BY THE GERMANS, WERE USED TO SINK SUPPLY SHIPS

27. German U-boat

28. POISONOUS GAS

29. The Machine Gunners w/ gas masks
                                                                             

30. Even the horses wore gas masks

31. ANIMALS AT WAR

32. Deadly Battles Verdun (680,000 killed in 6 Months)
Somne (1 million killed in 6 months)
Argonne Forest (decisive, but costly victory for the allies)

33. VERDUN WAS A MAJOR BATTLEGROUND

34. 3 Events that drew America into the Conflict
The sinking of the luxury liner Lusitania by a German u-boat
German U-boats violate International Law- continued to sink American merchant vessels
3. The Zimmerman Telegram- “the icing on the cake”

35. 1. The Sinking of the Lusitania
May 7, sunk in 18 minutes
Torpedoed off the Irish coast
1,200 dead out of 2000, including 128 Americans and 125 children
Contained a secret cargo –4200 cases of guns for the British and French
Outraged America, Germany apologized

36. The Sinking of the Lusitania
<>                                                                                                        

37. ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY AMERICANS, THE U. S
ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY AMERICANS, THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN THE WAR FOR 2 MORE YEARS

38. 2. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1917
GERMANY ANNOUNCED THEY WOULD RESUME THEIR U-BOAT CAMPAIGN AND SINK ALL (INCLUDING AMERICAN) SHIPS IN THE WAR ZONE. MANY GERMANS WERE STARVING FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND THE GERMAN MILITARY BELIEVED THEY COULD FORCE THE BRITISH TO SURRENDER IN A FEW MONTHS, BEFORE THE U.S. WOULD ENTER, AND WIN THE WAR.
WILSON CLUNG TO THE HOPE THAT GERMANY WOULD NOT ACTUALLY ATTACK U.S. SHIPS, HOWEVER IN MARCH FOUR UNARMED MERCHANT SHIPS WERE SUNK, WITH 36 LIVES LOST.

39. 3. The Zimmerman Telegram
The “icing on the cake” (January 1917)
Sent to the German ambassador in Mexico from Arthur von Zimmerman
Called for Mexico to invade the US to keep the US from sending troops to Europe
Promised to Mexico Texas, Arizona and New Mexico
“Intercepted” by the British
On April 6, 1917, President Wilson convinced Congress to declare war on Germany

40. ZIMMERMANN Telegram(1917)
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916

41. POLITICAL CARTOON ON THE ZIMMERMAN NOTE

42. US President Woodrow Wilson Asks Congress to declare war on Germany

43. American Opposition to the War
Quakers, Mennonites and Amish (pacifists)
Socialists-argued that America was in the war to help out big business
Women’s Peace Party
People who opposed the war were branded as “traitors” and “wrongdoers”
Thousands of women hired in the factories to help with the war effort

44. America Mobilizes
Draft was instituted- 9 million men drafted, 5 million men enlisted on their own
Industrial production increased for weapons and other war supplies
Agricultural production increased to help feed troops
                                                                             

45. DRAFTED MEN REPORTED FOR SERVICE IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

46. WAR PROPAGANDA POSTERS
It encouraged businesses to spy on their employees, parents to spy on their children, and neighbors to spy on neighbors, and to report "disloyal," pro-German sentiments. In the most ridiculous moments of the campaign, Americans banned the teaching of German in schools, tore German folksongs like "Oh Tannenbaum" from children's songbooks, changed German street names, and renamed sauerkraut "victory cabbage." On the more serious side, those regarded as pro-German were hounded from their jobs, pressured to change their German names, and in a few cases beaten or lynched.

48. American Soldiers in the War
Soldiers arrived in November 1917
2 million by end of the war-Nov. 1918
American soldiers called the “Doughboys”
Brave and tough, but not well trained at first
Bolstered the Allied forces in Europe
Helped the allied navy and air forces

49. AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS SERVED IN SEGREGATED UNITS
HENRY JOHNSON, LEFT, AND NEADHAM ROBERTS, RIGHT RECEIVED THE FRENCH CROIX DE GUERRE, AN AWARD CREATED TO RECOGNIZE BRAVERY IN THE FACE OF AN ENEMY

50. BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE
ALTHOUGH AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE USED MOSTLY FOR LABOR, THE FRENCH HIRED SOME INFANTRY THAT FOUGHT ALONGSIDE FRENCH WHITE SOLDIERS. THESE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED TO THE SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT EXPRESSED BY THE BLACK COMMUNITY IN THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE 1920s.
CUTTING DOWN TREES
BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE

51. American Commander General John Pershing
“When you hit, hit hard and don’t stop hitting”
Intensified troop training
Led the Allies to decisive victories

52. HOW DID THE U.S. GOVERNMENT PAY FOR THE WAR?
INCOME TAX CREATED IN 1913
Amendment XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
BONDS: THE GOVERNMENT BORROWS MONEY
WAR SAVING STAMPS: COST BETWEEN 25 CENTS AND $5, THE GOVERNMENT PRINTED BOOKLETS AND WHEN THEY WERE FULL THEY COULD BE TURNED IN FOR BONDS

55. Propaganda Against Germans
Americans were encouraged by the government to reject anything German
Boycotts on German beer and music; names of foods changed- sauerkraut to “liberty cabbage”; hamburgers to “liberty sausage”
German-Americans discriminated against
Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Acts of restricted the lives and movement of German- Americans

56. EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT DURING WWI
MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 
CALIFORNIA'S STATE EDUCATION BOARD CALLED GERMAN A LANGUAGE OF "AUTOCRACY, BRUTALITY, AND HATRED”.
SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE"
SALOONKEEPERS REMOVED PRETZELS FROM THE BAR
ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC
MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED, BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.

57. German Americans being deported

58. WOMEN TOOK THE JOBS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MEN

59. NURSES CONTRIBUTED TO THE WAR EFFORT

60. The End of the War
The Russians pulled out of the war due to the Communist revolution in 1917
The Allies, led by the US, repelled one last German offensive and pushed the Germans through the Argonne Forest and out of France back east into Germany by October 1918
1918- Austro-Hungarian ethnic groups rebelled
Nov. 11th, Germany signs an armistice-fighting ceases
The German/Austro-Hungarian empire crumbles from within
Major offensive against Germans in The Argonne led by American Major Charles Whittlesey- commander of the “Lost Battalion”

61. Major Charles Whittlesey-commander of the “Lost Battalion”-held off the Germans in the Argonne Forest for several days until help arrived

62. AN AMERICAN HERO
Sergeant Alvin C. York, 328th Infantry, who with aid of 17 men, captured 132 German prisoners; shows hill on which raid took place [October 8, 1918]. Argonne Forest, near Cornay, France., 02/07/1919

63. “AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY”
ARMISTICE SIGNED:
“AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY”
NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS

64. THE UNITED STATES CELEBRATED

65. US Casualties and the Results of the War
10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded in battle (worldwide)
10 million civilians killed-many due to worldwide influenza epidemic
112,000 US soldiers killed in action; 290,000 wounded ( in only 1 year of action)
Women gain the right to vote in US and other parts of Europe
Worldwide Influenza Outbreak-600,000 Americans died from the flu

66. PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE
INFLUENZA, 1918
SOLDIERS NEAR BOSTON SUDDENLY STARTED DYING
THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS IDENTIFIED AS INFLUENZA, BUT IT WAS UNLIKE ANY STRAIN EVER SEEN
AS THE KILLER VIRUS SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY, HOSPITALS OVERFILLED, DEATH CARTS ROAMED THE STREETS AND HELPLESS CITY OFFICIALS DUG MASS GRAVES
IT WAS THE WORST EPIDEMIC IN AMERICAN HISTORY, KILLING OVER 600,000, FIVE TIMES THE DEATHS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE WAR. IT DISAPPEARED AS MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT HAD BEGUN.
PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE

67. Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized
Austria-Hungary 1,200, ,620, ,200, ,020, ,800,000
Belgium , , , , ,000
British Empire , ,090, , ,190, ,904,467
Bulgaria , , , , ,200,000
France ,357, ,266, , ,160, ,410,000
Germany ,773, ,216, ,152, ,142, ,000,000
Greece , , , , ,000
Italy , , , ,197, ,615,000
Japan , ,000
Montenegro , , , , ,000
Portugal , , , , ,000
Romania , , , , ,000
Russia ,700, ,950, ,500, ,150, ,000,000
Serbia , , , , ,343
Turkey , , , , ,850,000
US , , , ,734,991
TOTALS ,528, ,189, ,746, ,464, ,418,801

68. Results of the War (continued)
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)- designed to punish Germany for the war
President Wilson did not want to punish Germany, but to allow for all countries to determine their own fate (14 points)
Germany had no say in the Treaty
Beaten, stripped of her pride, some of her territory and colonial possessions, Germany plunged into economic depression setting the stage for the rise of Nazism and Adolph Hitler

69. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR”
BRITISH, ITALIAN, FRENCH AND AMERICAN
GEORGE ORLANDO CLEMENCEAU WILSON
WANTED TO MAINTAIN TRADE RELATIONS WITH GERMANY BUT WANTED COLONIES
WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY AND PREVENT FUTURE INVASION
WANTED LAND PROMISED DURING WWI
WANTED 14 POINTS AND FAIR PEACE FOR ALL

70. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, EUROPE
TREATY OF VERSAILLES: THE PEACE TREATY ENDING WW I CAUSED MORE PROBLEMS THAN IT SOLVED AND LAID THE BASIS FOR WW II. NEW COUNTRIES CREATED FROM TREATY: POLAND, LITHUANIA, LATVIA, ESTONIA AND FINLAND WERE FORMED FROM LAND LOST BY RUSSIA. CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND HUNGARY WERE FORMED OUT OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE.

71. WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF WWI IN AMERICA?
U.S. BECAME A WORLD SUPERPOWER
U.S. ECONOMY GREW DURING THE WAR, ALTHOUGH IT DID GO INTO A RECESSION SHORTLY THEREAFTER
BIRTH OF AN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
BIRTH OF ANTI-AMERICANISM WITHIN THE COUNTRY
U.S. CULTURE WAS STARTING TO SPREAD ABROAD
BIRTH OF BLACK EMPOWERMENT MOVEMENT
WOMEN WORKED OUTSIDE THE HOME IN HUGE NUMBERS
BIRTH OF ANTI-COMMUNISM