1. The Decline of the Church

2. Church vs. Monarchy Pope Boniface VIII--Unam Sanctum: “It is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff…” Philip IV (1285-1314) of France temporarily captured him. The Pope died soon thereafter.

3. The Schism (1378-1417) 1. Philipp IV pressured the conclave to choose a Frenchman as Pope (Clement V) who moved from Rome to Avignon (just across the river from France).

4. 2. From 1305 to 1377 Popes resided in Avignon, in splendor, decadence, and Frenchdom--thus upsetting the Catholic world.

5. 3. Pope Gregory XI took a hint from Catherine of Siena and moved back to Rome in 1378, but he keeled over a year later. What to do?

6. 4. Two sides gets you two Popes: Urban VI (1378-1389) was chosen by the Italians, and later Clement VII was chosen by the French. Thus, two Papas in two places.

7. 5. This greatly weakened the reputation, wealth, and power of the church.

8. 6. The Conciliar Movement, following the ideas of Marsiglio of Padua, called for councils of church leaders to elect a new Pope. After the failure of the Council of Pisa, and new Pope was elected at the Council of Constance (1414- 1418): Pope Martin V (1417- 1431)

9. Changes in Christianity 1. Good works stressed 2. Prayers for those in purgatory. 3. Mysticism--Meister Eckart influenced Gerart Groote’s Modern Devotion movement. 4. William of Occam (1285-1329) challenged the synthesis of faith and reason.

10. 14th Century Culture The Developments of Vernacular Literature The Italians –Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321) The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321) –Petrarch (1303-1374)-- sonnets –Boccaccio (1313-1375)-- Decameron The French –Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1400) The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)

12. The English: Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400) The Canterbury Tales

13. Art and the Black Death Giotto (1266 – 1337) Lamentation to the left Ars Moriendi –Note Francesco Traini’s Triumph of Death.

14. Changes in Urban Life –Greater Regulation-- prostitution, etc. –Marriage--done at a younger age. –Education of the young –Gender Roles Male: Active and Domineering Women: Passive and Submissive Yet they dominated brewing and many became weavers.

15. Medicine Four humors Physicians, surgeons, midwives, barber surgeons, apothecaries. Medical schools.

16. Clocks and Glasses Giovanni di Dond’s astronomical clock and the oldest clock Europe, below