1. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 1: The Six Essential Elements of Geography Main Ideas Geographers study physical and human systems. The six essential elements of geography are a way for geographers to organize their studies.

2. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: Geographers study physical and human systems. Types of Information Geographers Study Physical and human characteristics of a place or region Relationship between humans and their environment Culture – learned system of shared beliefs, traits, and values

3. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: The six essential elements of geography are a way for geographers to organize their studies. The Six Essential Elements of Geography The world in spatial terms – study of the location, arrangement, and density of things Places and regions – study and comparison of places and regions Physical systems – study of physical features and systems and how they interact Human systems – study of human features and systems and how they interact Environment and society – study of how human and physical features and systems interact Uses of geography – study of the purposes and uses of geography

4. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 2: Using Maps Main Ideas Maps are useful tools for finding the locations of places. The main parts of a map include a title, scale, legend, and compass rose. Geographers create maps for many different purposes.

5. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: Maps are useful tools for finding the locations of places. Why Maps Are Useful To represent a place or area graphically To help locate places To show the physical and human features of a place

6. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: The main parts of a map include a title, scale, legend, and compass rose. Main Parts of a Map Compass Rose – a map’s directional indicator Scale – defines distances in a map Legend – describes symbols and other items in a map Lines of Latitude and Longitude – pinpoint the absolute location of map content

7. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 3: Geographers create maps for many different purposes. Types of Maps Created Reference Maps – used to find locations Political – show information such as boundaries, capitals, and cities Physical – show natural features such as landforms, rivers, and other bodies of water Thematic Maps – show a specific topic, theme, or spatial distribution of an activity

8. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 3: Using Graphs, Charts, and Tables Main Ideas Bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and tables are useful for making comparisons and showing relationships. Time lines, flowcharts, and causation charts are often used by geographers and historians.

9. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: Bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and tables are useful for making comparisons and showing relationships. Main Parts of a Map Bar Graph – compares data about different places or time periods Line Graph – shows a trend or pattern Pie Chart – shows how the part of a whole are divided Table – organizes and categorizes descriptive and/or statistical information These are useful because they convey ideas or information graphically.

10. Chapter 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: Time lines, flowcharts, and causation charts are often used by geographers and historians. Three Types of Charts and Their Use Pie Chart – shows how the parts of a whole are divided Flow Chart – shows steps in a series of activities Causation Chart – shows the causes and effects of an event or situation