1. Inference Roman Republic
World History
Unit 3, Lesson 2
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2. Inference
The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.
Provide examples of one or two images and model how to infer based on an image.
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3. From a historian’s perspective, what might this shape represent?
Inference:
The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.
From a historian’s perspective, what might this shape represent?
Pace this activity so that enough time is provided for students to infer after each image is projected. Spend no more than ________
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4. Rise of Rome Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
How might geography affect an emerging civilization?
Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River
Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC
Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire
Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
(lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD)
Go to Slide:
Roman Empire
The Italian Peninsula image is hyperlinked to the next slide for additional information on the early settlement of Rome.
The hyperlink provides students with more information and images.
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5. Glencoe p 150
Provide examples of one or two images and model how to infer based on an image.
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6. Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide
Early Romans:
Latin- Early settlers of Rome
Etruscans- Northern Italy
Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city.
Build it on 7 hills for protection.
509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans out.
Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide
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7. Roman Government: Republic
Republic - a government with elected representatives
Twelve Tables
Patricians
Plebeians
Senate
Consuls
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8. Roman government - Cincinnatus, p 155
Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic.
Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army.
One-year terms
- Cincinnatus, p 155
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9. The Senate
300-member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome
Most powerful part
of the Republic
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10. Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide
The Plebeians
The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)
Had no say in government
Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than the Senate.
Twelve Tables- 451 BCE
Plebeians have Roman laws written.
Gives common people some protection against unfair patrician decisions.
Twelve Tables may be found at:
Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide
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11. ROMAN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT
Monarchical
Aristocratic
Democratic
2 Consuls and
Magistrates
Senate
(Senators)
Assembly of Tribes
(10 Tribunes)
Directed government
Control army
Acted as judges
Could issue edicts
Acted as chief priest
Controlled state budget
Could pass laws
Approved/rejected laws; Decided on War
Tribune could veto actions of magistrate
Acted as final court
Basis of power:
possess imperium,
the right to rule
need for leadership
members were richest men in Rome.
provided most of the soldiers
Limits on power:
one year term
each could veto
could not control army; needed majority as soldiers.
Could not suggest laws;
often paid as clients by the elite

12. Rise of Rome Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
How might geography affect an emerging civilization?
Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River
Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC
Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire
Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
(lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD)
Go to Slide:
Roman Empire
The Italian Peninsula image is hyperlinked to the next slide for additional information on the early settlement of Rome.
The hyperlink provides students with more information and images.
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13. The Punic Wars 264-202 BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage
Carthage – North African city founded by Phoenicians.
First Punic War
Rome – superior army
Carthage – superior navy
Rome gains Sicily – makes it a province (territory outside of Italy)
Second Punic War
Hannibal invades Italy.
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14. Hannibal Carthaginian general
Invades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants.
Battle of Cannae
Hannibal pulls back from Rome.
Romans believe he is retreating and follow.
Hannibal surrounds and defeats.
Scipio- Roman general attacks Carthage
Hannibal tries to return home.
Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.
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15. Destruction of Carthage
Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal.
Survivors sold into slavery.
Becomes a Roman province along with Greece and the Mediterranean.

16. The Roman Republic in Crisis
Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms.
Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome.
Farmer income declines.
Latifundia (large estates) created.
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17. More turmoil…
Romans originally stayed united due to their fear of Carthage
No Carthage – nothing to fear
Senate unable to provide effective leadership
Patricians become more concerned w/ keeping their power and wealth.
Slave revolts!
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18. The Gracchus Brothers Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus
Elected to tribune promising aid to the farmers
Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless
Limit farm size
Gaius Gracchus
Gives grain to the poor
Opened more land to farmers
Secured more rights for the middle class
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19. Spartacus 73 BCE Proclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves.
2 years of successful revolts
Eventually crucified along with 6000 followers.
Bodies lined the
Appian way
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20. First triumvirate 60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome.
Pompey
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul.
Conquers Gaul (France) and England.
Pompey gets support from Senate.
Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army.
Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey.
Becomes a “hero of the empire.”
This is an oligarchy – rule by a few
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21. Julius Caesar Reforms Rome
Reorganized government with him as dictator.
Lowered taxes.
Makes governors responsible to him.
Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.
March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated
Stabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”
Augustus Caesar next ruler
Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD)
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22. ©2012, TESCCC

23. Second triumvirate Mark Antony Lepidus Octavian Created by Mark Antony
Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt
Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra.
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24. The Roman Empire
Rome had a superior army due to its discipline and organization
Roman Legions (army units)
Punic Wars (a series of wars that were fought to expand the size of Rome)
Rome expands to North Africa, parts of Europe and other lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
Julius Caesar (Roman general becomes Emperor)
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25. ROMAN LEGION

26. Octavian 31 BCE- creates the Roman Empire
Allows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership.
Changes name to Augustus
“honored and majestic”
Takes title of “Caesar”
“first citizen”
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27. The Roman Empire Augustus Caesar gains control of the following:
Military
Takes complete control of
Gives veterans bonuses of land.
Loyalty to Rome
Granted citizenship to more conquered peoples of Europe.
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28. Pax Romana “The Roman Peace”- 27-180 AD Julio-Claudian dynasty
Period of peace and prosperity.
Julio-Claudian dynasty
No real line of succession to the throne.
First four emperors after Augustus that were either related to him or his wife.
Not as good as Augustus.
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29. The Height of the Roman Empire
Empire stretched from Asia Minor to the Danube and Rhine Rivers to Great Britain
Roman governors
Enforced Roman law and settled provincial disputes.
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30. The Height of the Roman Empire
Roman Prosperity
New roads, drained swamps, irrigation systems for the deserts.
Roman Citizenship
By 212 AD, virtually all free people in the Empire became Roman citizens.
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31. ROMAN ROADS

32. The Roman Achievement
Aqueducts – Roman water systems often carried water to cities from mountain streams hundreds of miles away. Only a highly organized civilization with advanced technology could create such a system.

33. The Roman Achievement
Highly sophisticated public buildings and baths.

34. ©2012, TESCCC

35. TRADE & URBANIZATION Commercial agriculture Mediterranean trade
Owners of latifundia focused on production for export
Commercial agriculture led to economic specialization, integration
Slavery preferred over labor saving devices and paid labor
Mediterranean trade
Sea-lanes linked ports of the Mediterranean
Roman navy kept the seas largely free of pirates
The Mediterranean became a Roman lake
The city of Rome
Wealth of the city fueled its urban development
Statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples, stadiums
First use of concrete as construction material
Rome attracted numerous immigrants
City attractions
Public baths, swimming pools, gymnasia
Enormous circuses, stadiums, and amphitheaters
Other Cities
Most large cities were in Eastern part of empire
Eastern cities largely dominated by Greeks
Cities include Alexandria, Antioch, Athens, Pergammum, Thessalonika

36. ROMAN FAMILY, SOCIETY The pater familias Wealth and social change
A Roman family consisted of all household members living together
Pater familias, or "father of the family," ruled
Women wielded considerable influence within their families
Many women supervised family business and wealthy estates
Wealth and social change
Newly rich classes built palatial houses and threw lavish banquets
Cultivators and urban masses lived at subsistence level
Poor classes became a serious problem in Rome and other cities
No urban policy developed, only "bread and circuses“
Merchants tolerated but not given much social recognition
Slavery
Slaves - 1/3 of Roman population
Chained together in teams, worked on latifundia
Spartacus's uprising in 73 B.C.E.
Working conditions for city slaves were better
Epictetus, an Anatolian slave, became a prominent Stoic philosopher
Urban slaves could hope for manumission

37. ROMAN WORLD VIEW Veritas and Gravitas Roman Polytheism Greek influence
Early deities: Jupiter, Mars, Ceres, Janus, Vesta
Newly adapted deities: Juno, Minerva
Borrowed, co-opted foreign deities into pantheon
Religion was agricultural, state oriented, important to family
Very little emotional attachment to gods
Greek influence
Stoicism appealed to Roman intellectuals
Cicero ( B.C.E.) established Stoicism in Rome
Religions of salvation and Cults
Flourished in Rome and the Mediterranean basin
Roman roads served as highways for religious spread
Mithraism
Mithras, a god of sun and light in Zoroastrian mythology
Roman soldiers adapted it, associated it with military value
Moral teaching of Mithraism, only for men
Goddess Cybele and goddess Isis were also popular

38. The Rise and Fall of Rome
Pax Romana
500 BC
476 AD
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39. Why do Empires Fall? ©2012, TESCCC
Empire: A major political unit having a territory of greater extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority.
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40. Decline Empires too big—costly to defend the frontiers
Burden of taxes on the poor, some flee to evade taxes, as maintaining the grows more costly—taxes go up, few new sources of revenue, religious groups and nobility exempt
Slavery in Roman so oppressive less productive, fewer new sources, less technological development

41. Decline (continued) Administrative problems
succession—court intrigue, barrack emperors
failing bureaucracies—corruption of examination system, lack of civic responsibility
Roman—bread and circuses to forestall revolts
Eroding economies—decline in trade when roads not repaired or safe
Religion—Christianity a factor, but not Buddhism

42. Decline (continued)
Plagues—hit both hard, especially in cities of Roman empire
Pressure from nomads—Huns, Xiongnu, Germanic

43. Why did the west fall harder?
More multiethnic Han Chinese—a true nation that can endure beyond the dynasty, In Roman empire most live outside Italy
State and society not bond together with the same glue—China, Confucianism offers both order for family, society and state—not true of Romans
Better assimilation of “barbarians” by China, Germanic dismembered Roman empire, while nomads absorbed by Chinese
Common language—Latin never really replaced Greek in much of the empire

44. Why western Roman empire and not eastern?
Deep, engrained civilization in the east—Greeks and before
East less impacted by nomadic invasion—maybe because many enduring cities, large populations
Tribes on eastern borders were disorganized and unmotivated
After separation of empire, east no longer has to send any help to West
Even with changing political structure , little threat to social, economic or cultural continuity
No cities in the west
German soldiers fill the ranks of Roman legions
When west cut from wealth of East, the tax base dwindled

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46. 476 AD marks the official fall of Rome
Invasions
Weak military
Failure to collect taxes
Bad leadership
476 AD marks the official fall of Rome
Empire was too large
Increase use of slaves put Romans out of work
Prices increased
Corruption
Decrease in trade
Invasions: Franks, Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Saxons
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47. Tiberius 14-37 AD Augustus’ stepson
Plots and violence become common in Roman politics.
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48. Caligula Cruel and insane Rules for 4 years
Assassinated by his imperial guard.
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49. Claudius
41-54 AD
Restores order to the Roman Empire.
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50. Nero Claudius’ stepson Becomes Emperor at age 17.
Becomes bloodthirsty and violent.
Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress.
Rome burns in 64 AD.
Nero blames the Christians.
Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide.
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51. Vespasian
The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide.
Chosen by military as emperor of Rome.
Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire.
Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul.
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52. Nerva Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years.
Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD.
Establishes the adoptive system.
Adopts a son and declares him the heir to the throne.
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53. Trajan 98-117 AD Adopted son of Nerva. Spanish-born Wise and popular
Eases tax burden.
Empire reaches its greatest size.
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54. Hadrian AD
Devoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it.
Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory.
Encourages non-Jews to live there.
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55. Marcus Aurelius Last of the adopted emperors
“Good Emperors”
Many border wars with the Germanic tribes
Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor
Commodus – unfit to rule
End of the Pax Romana
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56. Judean revolt 66 AD – Jews revolt against Rome.
Jerusalem captured and Holy Temple is destroyed.
Masada – 1000 Jews take refuge in a mountain fortress.
2 year siege – falls to Rome in 73 AD.
All the Jews inside commit suicide.
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57. EARLY CHRISTIANITY Jews expelled Christians from Judaism in 70 CE
Roman repression
Peter and Paul both executed in Rome by Nero in 67 CE
Romans followed very tolerant policy: pay taxes, do not revolt
Christians refused to worship emperor, state gods = treason
Romans worried that Christians were anti-social
Some emperors persecuted Christians to increase patriotism
Christianity grew rapidly in the empire
Strong appeal to lower classes, urban population, and women
Accorded honor and dignity to lower standing individuals
Provided a sense of spiritual freedom
Taught the spiritual equality of the sexes
Promised future glory for true believers
Most influential faith in Mediterranean by the 3rd century C.E
Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece heavily Christian including many aristocrats
Influence in west limited to cities, especially Africa
Armenia, Ethiopia, Egypt were first truly Christian countries
Rome became traditional head of church but not only leader
Primus inter pares = first among equals
Petrine Doctrine = Peter the first pope and head of the Church

58. The Rise of Christianity Textbook - page 171-173
Despite Roman persecution of the early Church, the Pax Romana and the extensive Roman transportation system allowed Christianity to spread throughout the Roman empire. The huge slave population made Christianity attractive to a wide section of the population. By 312 AD, Emperor Constantine had decreed Christianity the official religion of Rome.
Jesus healing the blind man.

59. Circle Map – Christianity in Rome

60. Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)
Justinian Code
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the eastern part of the empire (Byzantine Empire) under Emperor Justinian clarified roman laws. Justinian, at around 529 (AD) formed a committee of ten men to work on this project. The end product was the Justinian Code of Laws. Today, much of modern day laws are based on Roman Law and the Justinian Code of Laws.
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61. Roman Influences
Add titles or descriptions to weblinks: Other helpful links:
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62. Roman Influences
Draw a graphic organizer on your booklet (last two pages of your booklet). You may add more extensions to the organizer.
Religious
Political
Roman
Influences
Culture
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