2. Calculation of Migration
Gross Migration: total # of migrants moving into and out of a location
Net Migration: gain or losses in the total population of that area as a result of migration

3. Intervening Obstacles/Opportunities
Migrants do not always get to their desired locations
Intervening opportunity= When migrants find an opportunity they like so much they stop on their journey and stay where they are.
Something can either block them (obstacles)
Intervening obstacle= barriers…Ex: Immigration requirements

4. More Migration!
Chain Migration When people move to communities where relatives have previously migrated
Chain migration increases migrant streams from one area to another as a result of kinship links, so this also results in the formation of ethnic enclaves…or neighborhoods filled with people of the same ethnic groups

5. Ravenstein’s Laws Most migration is over a short distance
Migration occurs in a series of steps
Long-distance migrants usually move to centers of economic opportunity (urban areas)
Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction, or counter stream
People in rural areas migrate more than people in cities
Men migrate over longer distances than women
Most migrants are young adult males
Cities grow more by migration than by natural increase
Migration increases with economic development
Migration is mostly due to economic causes

6. Ravenstein’s Laws
Migration occurs in a serious of steps -Migration occurs step by step. Step migration = person has long-distance goal in mind and achieves it in series of small steps. Long-distance migrants usually move to centers of economic opportunity (urban areas) -Large cities have a magnetic pull People in rural areas migrate more than people in cities -During Ravenstein’s time (Industrial Revolution) pulled rural dwellers to cities looking for jobs. Nowadays, sometimes opposite trend. Most migrants are young adult males -Ravenstein based this generalization on observation that it’s easier for single people to migrate as opposed to families Every migration stream creates a counter stream -Ex: Nazi Germany Jews caught and returned to Germany

7. Warm up
What was the gravity model and why is it important to analyze?

8. The Gravity Model
Geographers use the gravity model to estimate spatial interaction and movement between two paces. It says that larger places attract more migrants, just as larger planets have a larger gravitational pull.
Migration between two places is directly proportional to population size and inversely proportionate to the distance between the two places.

9. Guest Workers
Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country
- France-many from Algeria
- Germany-many from Turkey, Eastern Europe
Only recently has Germany allowed the Turks-now 2nd or 3rd generation-to become German citizens
Nigeria kicked out its guest workers
Indonesia pulled out its many citizens in the Middle East before the 2003 Iraq War

10. Gravity model was anticipated by Ravenstein.
Gravity model is an inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance to the destination.
Gravity model was anticipated by Ravenstein.
The physical laws of gravity first studied by Newton can be applied to the actions of humans in terms of migration and economics
Spatial interaction such as migration is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them.
International refugees cross one or more borders and are encamped in a country not their own.
Intranational refugees abandon their homes, but not their countries-this is the largest number world wide.
Refugees move with what they can physically carry
Most make their first move on foot, bike, wagon or open boat
They have no official documents or papers such as passport, etc.

11. Migration Within the Developing World Occurs for Many Reasons.
Differences in fertility rates
Economic conditions
Conflict
Rural to urban movement
Ethnic patterns
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU

12. Both Developed and Developing Countries Create Protected Areas.
Countries With the Highest Share of Their Surface Area Protected, 2006
Venezuela 63%
China, Hong Kong SAR 51%
Zambia 42%
Liechtenstein 40%
Brunei 38%
Tanzania 38%
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU
Source: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center, World Database on Protected Areas (2006).

13. The Refugee Problem
UN definition-person who migrates out of fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social status or political opinion.
Difficult to get an accurate count-governments manipulate the numbers.
Internal (intranational) refugees a bigger issue than external (international).
Picture at right-Rwanda refugees-1994-over 1 million Rwandans fled into Zaire (Dem. Rep. of Congo), Tanzania, Uganda, and Burundi to escape the massacre and famine.

14. Refugees
A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

15. Characteristics of Refugees
Move with only what they can carry or easily transport.
Most move first on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat-very low tech. transport.
Most have no official documentation such as passports, identification or other official papers.

16. Regions of Dislocation-Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa-over 8 million official international refugees-the largest # in the world.
Collapse of order in Somalia
Civil Wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone
Sudan’s civil war
Rwanda massacres and economic disaster.
Endemic African Problems:
Weak and corrupt governments.
Lack of national cohesion.
Lack of a democratic tradition
Historic ethnic conflicts
Excessive number of weapons left over from the Cold War.

17. The Sudan –Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

18. Regions of Dislocation
South West & Central Asia:
Kurds in Iraq, Turkey and Syria displaced during Gulf Wars.
Palestinians displaced by several wars with Israel.
Afghanistan-many refugees during the long Soviet occupation, Taliban regime and war.
South and South East Asia:
Civil War in Sri Lanka-Tamils versus Sinahlese
Vietnam and Cambodia after the Vietnam War
Myanmar (Burma) military rule has driven many to exile.

19. Major Modern Migrations
Europe to North America & South America
Africa to the Americas (Slave Trade)
UK to Australia, New Zealand
India to East Africa, SE Asia
China to SE Asia
Eastern US to Western US
Western Russia to Eastern Russia
Europe-Before 1830s about 2.75 million left million left for New World, (most from England & Germany) Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
Africa-slave trade began in 16th cent. With Caribbean sugar plantation workers Early 17th cent. North America to work on cotton plantations
Most were from West Africa-Liberia to Nigeria and from coastal margins of Sahara.
Most 10 million out of 12 million went to Brazil and Caribbean for sugar plantations
East Africa slave trade also active Arab slave traders on Zanzibar along the Horn
India-British brought many Indians to South Africa and East Africa as well as Caribbean-(Trinidad, Guyana) as indentured servants.
China-SE Asia-tended to migrate to urban areas and engaged in trade
76% of Singapore 32% of Malaysia 14% of Thailand
3% of Indonesia (but it is 200 million)

21. Trans-Siberian Railway increased migration to the east.

22. Post war immigration to Palestine accelerated which displaced 600,000 Palestinian Arabs who sought refuge in Jordan, Syria, Egypt and so forth.

23. British relocated many Asian during the colonial period as did the Dutch.
The Chinese migrated for economic opportunities as traders.
Today they make up 14% in Thailand
32% in Malaysia
76% in Singapore
3% in Indonesia, but that is a large number out of 200 million.

24. International Migration –
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

26. Warm – Up:
Have you (or your family members) migrated? If so, what type of migration was it? (Internal, International, etc…)
What were the push/pull factors of your (family’s)migration?

28. Historic US Migration Westward to the frontier.
Black migration to northern cities in WWI and WWII period
1950s, 60s Cubans to Florida from Castro’s Cuba
In recent decades the migration from the Rust belt to the Sunbelt took place.
Some blacks returned to the South
So many Cubans live in Dade County Florida that it is now a bilingual county
So many Cubans live in Dade County Florida that it is now a bilingual county

29. Waves of Immigration-US 1820-2001
Immigration to the US from
1870 US Population was 40 million
72% lived in small towns or on farms
at least 15 million immigrants-mostly Eastern Europeans & Southern Europeans flooded into the US
These new immigrants were different in religion and darker in complexion than previous immigrants
population of which over half lived in cities
Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration.

30. National Migration Flows
Also known as internal migration
- eg. US, Russia, Mexico

32. Characteristics of U.S. migration
Hispanics largest minority in the U.S.
11% of U.S. population is foreign born
52% Latin America
26% Asia – Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam
16% Europe

33. Backlash Not all citizens support immigration.
Historically the US as well as every CORE state has imposed limits on immigration.

35. The Number of Foreign-Born in the U. S
The Number of Foreign-Born in the U.S. Is at an All-Time High, but Their Share of the Total Population is Still Below That of 1910.
Foreign-born population, United States,
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU

36. Natural Increase Still Accounts for Almost 60% of Population Growth in the U.S., but the Share From International Migration Has Been Increasing.
Percent of U.S. population growth due to natural increase and net migration,
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU

37. The Largest Share of Immigrants to the U. S
The Largest Share of Immigrants to the U.S. Still Comes From Latin America, but the Share Coming From Asia Has Increased Substantially Since the 1960s.
Percent of immigrants admitted to the United States, by region of origin,
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, 2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (2005).
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU

38. In 1990, Almost Half of All U.S. Counties Had Less Than 1% Foreign-Born, and Only One-Tenth Had 5% or More.
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 decennial census.

39. By 2000, Only One-Fourth of U. S
By 2000, Only One-Fourth of U.S. Counties Had Less Than 1% Foreign-Born, and One in Five Had 5% or More.
© 2006 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 decennial census.

41. Who’s Coming to America???

42. The Geography of Illegal Aliens

43. What is illegal immigration?
Illegal immigration in the United States is when immigrants settle in the US with the intent to remain on US soil without authorization from the American government

44. Immigrants in the United States
There are currently between 7 and 20 million immigrants residing in the United States illegally.
Immigrants become illegal when they cross borders illegally or they overstay the time permitted by their visa.

45. States with the most/least Illegal Aliens
California, Arizona, and Texas have the highest population of illegal immigrants
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Hawaii have the lowest illegal alien population.

46. How are some of these states dealing with illegal immigration
Proposition 187 in California
seeks to deny public social, educational and health services to aliens who are in California illegally.
Proposition 200 in Arizona
requires that applicants for public benefits prove their eligibility for them by showing verifiable identity or immigration documents

47. Where are illegal immigrants migrating from?
57% are coming from Mexico
24% are coming from other South American and Central American countries
9% are coming from Asia
6% are coming from Europe and Canada
The remaining 4% is coming from other parts of the world

48. Push Factors War in the country of origin Poverty in their homeland
Discrimination taking place in their country.

49. Pull Factors Family is already living in the U.S.
Better opportunities such as education and careers
Religious freedom
Independence from strict governments

50. Companies that Hire Illegal Aliens
Many companies are known for hiring illegal immigrants and exploiting them for their low hourly wages and other economic factors.

51. The effect of illegal immigration on our economy
Households headed by illegal aliens imposed more than $26.3 billion in costs on the federal government in 2002 and paid only $16 billion in taxes, creating a net fiscal deficit of almost $10.4 billion, or $2,700 per illegal household.
If illegal aliens were given amnesty and began to pay taxes and use services like households headed by legal immigrants with the same education levels, the estimated annual net fiscal deficit would increase from $2,700 per household to nearly $7,700, for a total net cost of $29 billion
Facts quoted from:

52. Works Cited www.calvoter.org/archive/94general/props/187.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration