1. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 A.D. Growth of Royal Power in England
Growth of Royal Power in France
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
The Hundred Years War
A.D.

2. Europe 14th Century

3. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Interpret the Passage:
“King Stephen….seized …..Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, and Roger, the chancellor, his nephew, and he kept them all in prison…..They had done homage to him, and sworn oaths, but they….broke. Their allegiance, for every rich man built castles, and defended them against him.”
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
During feudal times, monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society but had limited power. Nobles and the Church had as much—or more—power than the monarchs.
In order to expand their power, monarchs
set up royal courts
organized government bureaucracies
developed systems of taxation
built standing armies
strengthened ties with the middle class
In this way, little by little over many centuries, these monarchs built the framework for modern-day nation states.

4. Growth of Royal Power in England
Evolution of English Government
1066
Norman Conquest = William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons at Hastings.
1086
Domesday Book = William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation.
1160s–1180s
Common Law = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.
1215
Magna Carta = John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.
1295
Model Parliament = Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.

5. The Norman Conquest 1066 A.D.- King Edward died without a male heir
Council of Nobles chose Edward’s brother-in-law Harold
Duke William of Normandy- Tough, ruthless descendant of Vikings, claimed throne as well
William raised an army, received backing from Pope
William defeated Harold at Battle of Hastings, 1066 A.D.

6. Growth of Royal Power in England- (Cont.)
William kept strong grasp on power:
a. Granted Fiefs to loyal lords
and the Church
b. Kept large tracts of land for himself
c. Monitored who built castles and
where
d. Required every vassal to swear
allegiance to him, and not their
feudal lord

7. Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont.)
1086 A.D.- William ordered a complete census- official count or survey of a population
The Doomsday Book- listed every castle, field, pigpen in England
A thorough survey of his country, as if nothing could escape it, like God’s last judgment.
Helped later monarchs build an efficient tax collection system
Royal Exchequer- Treasury was established to collect tax

8. Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont.)
1154 A.D. King Henry II- broadened royal system of justice
English Common Law- a legal system based on custom and court rulings applied to all of England
Competed and eventually beat out the courts of Nobles and the church
Under Henry II, England accepted and developed early for of the Jury System- Group of men sworn to speak the truth.

9. Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont.)
Henry’s Conflict with the Church:
Henry claimed the right to try clergy in his court
Thomas Becket- Archbishop of Canterbury opposed the king
1170 A.D.-knights murder Becket in his cathedral
Henry eases attempt to regulate the clergy
Becket is honored as a martyr and cathedral becomes pilgrimage site

10. Evolving Traditions- King John and the Magna Carta
Future rulers battled with nobles over the monarch’s right to raise taxes
Led to dispute between rights of the ruler vs traditional feudal rights of the lords

11. Evolving Traditions- King John and the Magna Carta
King John was- clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy
He had three enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own nobles
1205 A.D.-John lost in battle vast lands held in France
Excommunicated by the Pope
- Refused to accept the nominee for
Archbishop if Canterbury
Paid yearly fee to the Pope to save himself and his crown

12. King John and the Magna Carta
1215 A.D. John forced to sign Magna Carta, The Great Charter:
a. protected privileges of the nobles
b. protected legal rights of
townspeople and the clergy
c. Prevented every freeman from
arbitrary arrest
d. King agreed not to raise taxes
without consulting council of
lords and clergy
Made clear two very important ideas:
1. Nobles had certain rights kings must
recognize
2. Monarch MUST obey the law

13. Why is the Magna Carta Still Important Today?
King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 A.D.
We have also granted to all the freemen of our Kingdom, for us and our heirs, forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be enjoyed and held by them and their heirs, from us and from our heirs.
14. And also to have the common council of the kingdom, to assess and aid… and for the assessing of taxes, we will cause to be summoned the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, and Great Barons, individually by our letters. And besides, we will cause to be summoned in general by our sheriffs and bailiffs (government officials)…
38. No bailiff [officer of the court] for the future shall, upon his own unsupported complaint, put anyone to his “law,” without credible witnesses brought for this purposes.
39. No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we [the king] go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land.
40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.
The right of Due Process originally came from the Magna Carta. It means that a person cannot be arrested or imprisoned without going through a fair legal process. Identify and quote the line in the document that refers to this right.
2. What groups are included in the common council in article 14? What group of people are left out?

14. Development of Parliament
John signed by rebelled- civil war lasted until 1216 A.D. when John died of illness
By 1295 A.D. monarchs learned to cooperate with parliament to get approval for their policies
Great Council, Parliament, was formed. French for Parle- “to talk”
Parliament evolved into a two-house body:
- House of Lords: Nobles and
Clergy
- House of Commons: Knights and
middle class townspeople

15. Successful Monarchs of France Question: Who did the French Monarchs have to compete with for control of France?

16. The Capetians Philip II Capetians Louis IX
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.
Philip II
Capetians
Louis IX
Granted charters to new towns
Introduced a standing army
Filled government positions with loyal middle-class officials
Introduced new national tax
Quadrupled land holdings
Conquered Norman territory
Fought Heresy in south of France
Most powerful king in Europe by 1223
made the throne hereditary
added to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other
won the support of the Church
built an effective bureaucracy
Checked up on local officials
Expanded royal courts
Outlawed private wars.
Ended serfdom in his lands
Left France an efficient, centralized monarchy

17. Louis IX- King and Saint
John of Joinville, The Life of St. Louis:
“The king daily gave countless generous alms, to the poor religious, to poor hospitals, to poor sick people, to other poor convents, to poor gentlemen and gentlewomen and girls….and to poor minstrels who from old age or sickness were unable to work”
Deeply religious- generous, noble, and devoted to justice for his Christian subjects
Persecuted heretics, Jews, and launched two wars against Muslims
Reformed justice- expanded royal courts, ended private wars, ended serfdom in his lands
Received enormous prestige, helped create a strong national identity

18. Philip IV Grandson of Louis IX Eager and ruthless to expand his power
Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing the clergy
Arrested any clergy that disobeyed
Sent troops to seize Boniface. Pope escaped badly beaten and died soon after
Marked beginning of The Avignon Papacy.
- The period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven
successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the
Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now
in France) rather than in Rome.
- These popes were French and a majority of the college
of cardinals

19. The Estates General
Established by Philip IV to get support for his war with the Pope
Established in 1302
Representatives from all the estates, or Social Classes to consult the king- The Clergy, the Nobility, and Townspeople
It never gave the Kings subjects the same power as the parliament in England
Royal Power in France remained very powerful until 1789

20. France England 1. Royal Power was not limited.
1. Royal Power Limited by Magna Carta- citizens had rights and king had to recognize that
2. People had a say in decisions through Parliament
3. Establishment of Common Law Legal system
4. Kings had complicated relationship with the church- Thomas Beckett killed
Established Bureaucracy
Helped increase size of government
Kings in both countries fought to expand royal lands
Battled Nobles and Clergy for control
Kings in both countries relied on the middle class for support
Established elaborate tax collection system
Built standing armies
1. Royal Power was not limited.
2. People were represented through the Estates General, but it did not limit king’s power
3.Kings waged a Crusade against the Albigensians,
4. Built strong bonds with the Catholic Church and used royal power to help secure religious goals of the church