1. Population Geography
Migration

2. What is migration? A movement Change of home Can be: Temporary
Seasonal
Daily
Permanent
Between countries
Within a country
Migration

3. Types of Population Movement
Migration

4. Chain Migration
Chain migration refers to the mechanism by which foreign nationals immigrate by virtue of family reunification.
A migration process which depends on a small number of pioneers, who make the first moves to set up a new home in a new place. They send information back home, and this encourages further migration from the originating area.
Migration

5. Circular migration
Circular migration in global context is used as a triple win discourse promising gains for host countries, home countries and migrants themselves, promising accelerated economic growth, remittances, relative high wages and brain gain, by means of full circles of migration: immigrants should be able to come, go and come back again, without many restrictions and making use of contemporary transnational networks. (Bieckmann and Muskens, 2007).
Circular migration in urban context is a form of migration by which migrants move to the city for a few months and then return to the village when they can be most useful there. It is often part of a larger household strategy that seeks to diversify income streams and maximize consumption.
Migration

6. The distance decay effect
Mathematical Migration Models Gravity Model (based on Ravenstein’s laws of migration 1885)
Suggests
migrants tend to move over short distances
Number of migrants decrease as distance increases
Called distance decay effect
The volume of migration is inversely proportional to the distance traveled, and directly proportional to the relative sizes of the origin and destination places
Number of people
(level of interaction)
Distance
The distance decay effect
Migration

7. Mathematical Migration Models Stouffer’s intervening opportunity model
The movement of people between 2 places is dependent upon the type and number of intervening opportunities between them.
Migration

8. Migration Model (Jones & Hornsby)
Forced migration
barriers
Country/area of origin
voluntary migration
Country/area of destination
barriers
return migration
Migration

9. Forced vs. Voluntary Migration
Religious: Jews Pilgrim fathers to New England
Wars: Muslims & Indus in India & Pakistan; Rwanda
Political Persecution: Ugandan Asians
Slaves or forced labor: Africans to SE USA
Lack of food and Famine: Ethiopians into the Sudan
Natural Disasters: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions (Mount Pinatubo)
Overpopulation: Chinese in SE Asia
Redevelopment: British inner-city slum clearance, ujamaa in Tanzania
Resettlement: Native Americans (USA), Blacks (RSA)
Environmental: Chernobyl (Ukraine)
Jobs: Turks into Germany, Mexicans into California
Higher salaries: British doctors to USA
Tax avoidance: British pop/rock & film stars to USA
Opening up of new areas: Israelis into Negev Desert, Brasilia
Territorial Expansion: Portuguese into Angola & Mozambique
Trade & economic expansion: former British colonies
Retirement to warmer climates: Americans to Florida
Social amenities & services: better schools, hospitals and entertainment
Migration

10. Migration Model (Jones & Hornsby)
Forced migration
barriers
Country/area of origin
voluntary migration
Country/area of destination
barriers
return migration
Migration

11. Barriers to movement to Voluntary migration
Government restrictions: immigration quotas, work permits, Berlin wall
Lack of money: unable to afford transport to & housing in new areas
Lack of skills & education
Lack of awareness of opportunities
Illness
Threat of family division & heavy family responsibilities
to Return
Insufficient money to afford transport
Standard of living lower in original area
Racial, religious or political problems in original area
Migration

12. Migration Model (Jones & Hornsby)
Forced migration
barriers
Country/area of origin
voluntary migration
Country/area of destination
barriers
return migration
Migration

13. Reasons to return Racial tension in new area
Earned enough money to return
To be reunited with family
Foreign culture proved unacceptable
Causes of initial migration removed (political or religious persecution)
Migration

14. Factors influencing migration
Attractive reasons
Repellent reasons
Restraining factors
Pull factors
Favorable conditions
Attract people
Lead to spontaneous (voluntary) movement
More congenial physical environments
Industrial & scientific revolution
The ‘lure of foreign parts’
Economic prosperity
Push factors
Unfavorable conditions
Discourage people from remaining
Lead to forced movement
Hard push factors
War
Starvation
Environmental catastrophes
Soft push factors
Religious persecution
Racial discrimination
Poverty
Social loneliness
Encourage people to stay
Migration

15. Consequences of Migration
These can be subdivided into 3 categories:
1. Demographic Consequences:
* Changes in the numbers and distribution of people within a region are changed.
* Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people.
2. Social Consequences:
* Migration brings different people together leading to conflicts.
* Migration however also creates understanding between different groups of people.
* Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes (favelas, squatter camps, shanty towns) in cities.
3. Economic Consequences:
* This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the economic needs of the origin and destination. Quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc.
* In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it reduces the pressure on the land.
* In underpopulated areas, emigration may slow down development.
Migration

16. Migrant Workers advantages & disadvantages to ‘losing’ countries
Reduces pressure on jobs and resources (food)
Loses people of child-bearing age causing decline in BR
Loses people in working age group
Loses people most likely to have some education and skills
Mainly males leave causing a division in families
Left with an elderly population and so a high DR
Migration

17. Migrant Workers advantages & disadvantages to ‘receiving’ (host) countries
Overcomes labor shortage
Prepared to do dirty unskilled jobs
Prepared to work long hours for low salaries
Cultural advantages and links
Some highly skilled migrants
In ELDC’s these migrants can increase the number of skilled workers
Pressure on jobs but most likely first to be unemployed in a recession
Low-quality, overcrowded housing lacking basic amenities
Ethnic groups tend not to integrate
Racial tension
Limited skilled/educated group
Lack of opportunities to practice their own religion, culture, etc.
Language difficulties
Often less healthy
Migration