1. Plants
Green: The color of life

2. Plants Dominant organisms on land
Probably evolved from multicellular aquatic green algae that could not survive on land.

3. Characteristics of Plants
Eukaryotic – has a nucleus
Multicellular – more than one cell
Autotrophic – photosynthesis
- have chloroplasts w/chlorophyll
Sessile - remains stationary
Cell walls-contain cellulose which gives plants rigidity

4. What do plants need to survive?
Sunlight
Water and Minerals
Movement of
Water and Nutrients
Gas Exchange
Sugar
CO2 O2

5. The Development of Plants
Mosses and
their relatives
Ferns and
Cone-bearing
plants
Flowering
Blue green
bacteria
Water-Conducting
Vascular Tissue
Seeds
Flowers
Seeds Enclosed in Fruit
Over time, plants
have gone from
simple to complex.

6. Ways To Classify Plants
Non-vascular (moss)
Vascular (all trees, vines, flowers)
No Seeds (spores in mosses or ferns)
Seeds (formed in a cone or fruit)
No Flowers(gymnosperms such as pines, firs, spruces, etc.)
Flowers (angiosperms)

7. Nonvascular Plants Moss and lichen are non vascular plants
They don’t have tissues to moves nutrients and water and they stay small

8. Vascular Plants
All other plants are vascular, they CAN move water and nutrients
Can grow larger
Xylem tissue: moves water
Phloem tissue: moves food (sugars)

9. Plant Structures: have true tissues
Dermal-“Skin” or protection(thick bark, spongy cork or tight sheath on stems)
Ground – storage, structure & photosynthesis
Vascular – for transport
-Xylem carries water
-Phloem carries sugars

10. Plant Structure (cont.)
HAVE ORGANS…
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flower

11. Why does a plant need roots?
To absorb water and nutrients
from the soil like a sponge
and store them for later
To anchor a plant in the ground

12. 2 Types: Fibrous root & Taproot

13. Fibrous Root Found in Monocots Extensive, spread out
Helps anchor topsoil
Grasses

14. Taproot Found in Dicots One primary root
Grow down to absorb deep water
Storage for starches and sugar (food)
Carrots, beats, radishes

15. A Root Has Layers
Vascular
Cylinder
Epidermis
Cortex

16. The outside layer of a root Is called the Epidermis
The epidermis provides
Root Hairs add extra
surface area.
Absorption
The root cap pushes
through the soil.
Protection

17. The middle layer is the Cortex
Vascular
Cylinder
Cortex
The inside layer is the Vascular Cylinder. It moves the water and the nutrients

18. The Vascular Cylinder contains:
Xylem
Phloem
Carries Water
W (water) & X (xylem)
are both at the end
of the alphabet.
(Pronounced Flow-em)
Carries Food
Sugar

19. Why does a plant need a stem?
To produce
leaves,
branches and
flowers
To hold the leaves up to sunlight
To transport nutrients from roots to leaves

20. 1. Support leaves & flowers
STEMS
2 main functions:
1. Support leaves & flowers
2. Transport water and
nutrients throughout
the plant

21. Types of Stems: NON-WOODY. SOFT GREEN TISSUE AS FOUND IN HERBACEOUS
PLANTS
WOODY AND VERY STRONG.
THE STEM OF A TREE INCLUDES THE TRUNK, BRANCHES AND TWIGS

22. Why does a plant need leaves?
For Photosynthesis
Sugar
For Transpiration
For Gas Exchange
CO2 O2
To Make Food
To Move Water
To “Breathe”

23. Common Features of Leaves
Vein – tube-
like vessels
that carry
water, sugar
and minerals
throughout
the blade
Blade –
Contain cells that carry out
photosynthesis
Petiole –
Short stalk
connects leaf
to stem

24. Leaf Structure Cuticle Upper epidermis Mesophyll Bundle sheath
Vascular tissue
Lower epidermis
Guard
cells
chloroplast
stoma

25. As water pressure in the
Guard cells let water
leave the plant.
Guard Cells
As water pressure in the
guard cells decrease
The size of the stoma
decreases
Stoma

26. As water pressure in the
Guard cells let water
leave the plant.
Guard Cells
As water pressure in the
guard cells increase
The size of the stoma
increases
Stoma

27. Looking at a cross-section
of a leaf, you can see

28. Looking at a cross-section
of a leaf, you can see
Control the size
of the stoma.
Guard Cells

29. Looking at a cross-section
of a leaf, you can see
Stoma
Allows gases to
move in and out
of the leaf.

30. Looking at a cross-section
of a leaf, you can see
Cuticle
Outer waxy layer
that protects against
water loss.

31. Looking at a cross-section
of a leaf, you can see
Xylem
Phloem
Move nutrients and
water through the plant.

32. Flowering Plants have:
Monocot
Mono = one
cot = cotyledon
(seed leaves)
Dicot
Di = two
cot = cotyledon
(seed leaves)
Corn Seed
Bean Seed
Seeds

33. Flowering Plants have:
Monocot
Dicot
Parallel Veins
Branched Veins
Leaves

34. Flowering Plants have:
Monocot
Dicot 3 3 4 2 4 2 5 1 5 1 6 6 8 7
Multiples of 3
Multiples of 4 or 5
Flowers

35. Flowering Plants have:
Monocot
Dicot
Vascular Bundles
Scattered
Vascular Bundles
In a Ring
Stems

36. Flowering Plants have:
Monocot
Dicot
Fibrous Root
Taproot
Roots

37. Plants can reproduce sexually by
Plant Reproduction
Plants can reproduce sexually by
Seeds
Cones

38. Seed Dispersal
Seeds can be spread by:
Animals
Wind
Water

39. Gymnosperms
reproduce using cones.

40. Angiosperms
reproduce using flowers

41. Parts of a Typical Flower
How attractive!
Careful!
Petals
Attract Insects
Sepals
Protect the
Developing
flower
Parts of a Typical Flower

42. Parts of a Typical Flower
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Male part
of flower
Parts of a Typical Flower

43. (Sounds like “Pigtail”)
Stigma
Pistil
Style
Female part
of flower
(Sounds like “Pigtail”)
Ovary
Parts of a Typical Flower

44. Plant Reproduction Stems Roots Plantlets
Plants can reproduce asexually by
vegetative propagation
Stems
Roots
Plantlets
Stems, plantlets and roots
can become a new plant.

45. Plants can reproduce asexually by
Plant Reproduction
Plants can reproduce asexually by
plant propagation.
Cuttings
Grafting & Budding
A “cut” from a plant can
grow roots when put in soil.
Two plants are attached
to form one plant.

46. Plants can respond to their environment.
Tropisms
Winter Dormancy
Plants can respond to stimuli such as gravity, light, and touch.
A plant’s growth and activity
can decrease or stop for
a period of time.

47. Plants can adapt to their environment.
Aquatic Plants
Desert Plants
Waterlilies have
air-filled spaces to
help oxygen move.
Have extensive roots,
reduced leaves and
thick stems to store
water.
Coconut seeds float
in water.

48. STOP

49. Photosynthesis Green plants use the energy of sunlight
carbon
dioxide
CO2 +
water
sugars
Sugar +
oxygen O2
Green plants use the energy of
sunlight
to convert carbon dioxide
and water
into high-energy sugars
and oxygen. 25

50. Photosynthesis The formula looks like this. 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2
light 6
CO2 + 6
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
carbon
dioxide
water
sugars
oxygen
The balanced equation looks like this.
Now there are equal numbers of each element
on both sides of the arrow. 26

51. Photosynthesis 6 Carbon 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2
light 6
CO2 + 6
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
carbon
dioxide
water
sugars
oxygen
The balanced equation looks like this.
Now there are equal numbers of each element
on both sides of the arrow. 27

52. Photosynthesis 18 Oxygen 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2
light 6
CO2 + 6
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
carbon
dioxide
water
sugars
oxygen
The balanced equation looks like this.
Now there are equal numbers of each element
on both sides of the arrow. 28

53. Photosynthesis 12 Hydrogen 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2
light 6
CO2 + 6
H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
carbon
dioxide
water
sugars
oxygen
The balanced equation looks like this.
Now there are equal numbers of each element
on both sides of the arrow. 29