1. India & China Chapter 3 Section1 India Chapter 3 Section 1

2. The Land of India The Himalayas Tallest mountains in the world The Ganges and Indus Rivers Rich valleys for farming Deccan Plateau Hilly and dry plateau Monsoons Seasonal wind patterns

3. India's First Civilization Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are two of the first civilizations Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are two of the first civilizations 35,000 inhabitants 35,000 inhabitants Walled neighborhoods Walled neighborhoods Chute system for garbage disposal Chute system for garbage disposal Grid of streets Grid of streets Public wells for drinking water Public wells for drinking water Drainage system for human waste Drainage system for human waste Well organized government Well organized government Leaders based their power on divine assistance Leaders based their power on divine assistance

4. Economy The economy depended on agriculture – Wheat, barley, cinnamon, peppers, and peas The early inhabitants also mined for copper and harvested lumber

5. The Arrival of the Aryans ► Aryans were a pastoral nomadic Indo-European people from Central Asia ► The Aryans conquered the Harappans and gained their rich farmland

6. The Aryans developed their first written language called Sanskrit The Aryans developed their first written language called Sanskrit They used it to write down their religious rituals, legends, and chants They used it to write down their religious rituals, legends, and chants Early writings showed that Aryan leaders known as Rajas dominated India Early writings showed that Aryan leaders known as Rajas dominated India Each carved out a small state Each carved out a small state They often fought each other in search of power They often fought each other in search of power Sanskrit RAJASRAJAS

7. Society in Ancient India  The Aryan conquest had a lasting effect on India  They created a set of social institutions and class divisions that last to this day

8. The Caste System ► The caste system was one of the most important Indian social creations ► It set up a rigid hierarchy of classes that determined a person’s occupation, economic potential, and social status ► A caste is known as a person’s Varna

9. Indians were born into a class and remained in that class There was virtually no movement into other classes The class was partially based on skin color The caste system is outlawed today, yet it still has a hold on Indian society

10. The Brahmans and Kashtriyas (priests) (warriors& rulers) India's ruling elite Included leaders of India Wealthy and privileged

11. The Vaisyas and Sudras (merchants & artisans) (peasants) The Vaisyas were relatively poor They crafted goods and sold them The Sudras made up the largest % of the population Manual labor Limited rights

12. The Untouchables “Dalits”  Untouchables were not even considered part of the caste system  They performed the jobs that the rest of Indian society considered degrading  Example – collecting trash or handling the dead

13.  The life of an untouchable was difficult at best  They were not considered human  Even their presence was considered harmful  Untouchables lived in separate villages  When in public, they had to tap sticks together to warn others they were coming  Untouchables were avoided at all costs

14. "At my village school," says Moses, "I was told again and again that I was a Dalit boy, and so I was unfortunate. In class we would sit separately and couldn't share anything. Teacher would abuse me and beat me with sticks - when the upper-caste boys got something wrong, I got the beating. We weren't allowed to drink in the same place and I had to bring my own tumbler. I was always angry, always asking, Why was I born a Dalit'... thinking it would have been better if I hadn't been born."

15. Family Life Family was the basic unit of Indian Society Family was the basic unit of Indian Society It was ideal to have an extended family of three generations living under one roof It was ideal to have an extended family of three generations living under one roof

16. Marriage Marriages were arranged Men married after 12 years of study Girls were married off at young ages The sooner they were out of the house the better They would no longer be economic drains on their parents

17. The oldest male had legal authority over the entire family The oldest male had legal authority over the entire family Women could not own property, receive an education or hold a good job Women could not own property, receive an education or hold a good job Divorce was forbidden, but men could take a second wife if his first wife could not bear him children. Divorce was forbidden, but men could take a second wife if his first wife could not bear him children. Women were expected to perform suttee Women were expected to perform suttee Suttee is the ritual that required women to throw themselves on their husbands funeral pyre Suttee is the ritual that required women to throw themselves on their husbands funeral pyre

18. Hinduism

19. Religion Hinduism is based on Aryan religious beliefs from the Vedas Hinduism is based on Aryan religious beliefs from the Vedas The Vedas are the oldest Hindu sacred text The Vedas are the oldest Hindu sacred text A collection of hymns and ceremonies A collection of hymns and ceremonies

20. Hinduism has hundreds of deities Hinduism has hundreds of deities The chief gods are Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer The chief gods are Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer The Destroyer The Creator The Preserver

21. The Ultimate Reality  Hindus believe in an Ultimate Reality (god), called Brahman  Your Atman (individual self) had the duty to come to know the Brahman  One comes to know the Brahman through reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, and Yoga  If you do this you will merge with the Brahman after death – Moksha or Enlightenment “Truth is one, paths are many” The Vedas

22. Karma Humans have free will to choose good or evil Humans have free will to choose good or evil They will suffer or benefit from consequences based on their choices They will suffer or benefit from consequences based on their choices According to the Vedas, “if one sows goodness, one will reap goodness; if one sows evil, one will reap evil” According to the Vedas, “if one sows goodness, one will reap goodness; if one sows evil, one will reap evil”

23. Dharma Divine Law rules your Karma The law requires all people do their duties The duties vary depending on one’s caste The higher the caste the higher the expectations

24. Yoga Yoga means “to join” Yoga means “to join” The main goal is to find a oneness with the Brahman The main goal is to find a oneness with the Brahman A dreamless sleep A dreamless sleep People meditate, often in special poses so that their Atman is one with the Brahman People meditate, often in special poses so that their Atman is one with the Brahman

25. Reincarnation After death, your Atman is reborn in a different form After death, your Atman is reborn in a different form The form is determined based on one’s Karma, Dharma, and performance of Yoga The form is determined based on one’s Karma, Dharma, and performance of Yoga An Atman is reborn into a higher caste if they have performed well in life An Atman is reborn into a higher caste if they have performed well in life The goal is to eventually be one with the Brahman - Moksha The goal is to eventually be one with the Brahman - Moksha

26. Buddhism During the 6 th century BC, Buddhism appeared in northern India Prince Siddhartha Gautama lived a privileged and sheltered life He becomes aware of life’s suffering, death, and disease Siddhartha is deeply bothered by what he sees

27. Siddhartha becomes The Buddha or “The Enlightened One”  Sid. gave up his sheltered life in order to find the true meaning of life and the cure for human suffering  One day he sat beneath a bodhi tree and meditated  He came to the realization that attachment to physical desires can only lead to suffering  Giving up one’s desires leads to wisdom (bodhi)  Achieving wisdom is a key step in achieving nirvana, or a state beyond sorrow (heaven)

28. A person will achieve Nirvana by following the Four Noble Truths and the Middle Path or Eightfold Path  Ordinary life is full of suffering  Suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves  The way to end suffering is to end our desire for and of selfish goals  The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path

29.  Eightfold Path Eightfold Path Eightfold Path

30. BBBBuddha accepted the idea of reincarnation, but he rejected the caste system IIIIf one lived a good life, they would reach nirvana BBBBuddha taught his followers that when he died, he did not want to be remembered as a god HHHHe only wanted to be remembered as a teacher of life

31. Hinduism & Buddhism Review Hinduism & Buddhism Review

32. Founder Buddhism- Hinduism- God(s) Buddhism- Hinduism- Goal of Life Buddhism- Hinduism- Sacred Texts Buddhism- Hinduism- Reincarnation Buddhism- Hinduism- Caste Sytem Buddhism- Hinduism- Hinduism vs. Buddhism

33. Architecture Indian structures helped spread the ideas of Buddhism The Stupa – burial mounds that held Buddha's relics The Stupa – burial mounds that held Buddha's relics Relics – Items that either touched or were touched by Buddha, ex – writings, lock of hair, clothing Relics – Items that either touched or were touched by Buddha, ex – writings, lock of hair, clothing On top of each Stupa was a Pillar to mark it On top of each Stupa was a Pillar to mark it Pillars marked important sights in Buddha’s life Pillars marked important sights in Buddha’s life On each Pillar there were carvings depicting Buddha’s philosophies On each Pillar there were carvings depicting Buddha’s philosophies

34. Rock Chambers Caves carved into the side of a mountain Caves carved into the side of a mountain Buddhist monks live and perform ceremonies in the chambers Buddhist monks live and perform ceremonies in the chambers

35. Science Indian scientists studied astronomy They recognized the Earth was a sphere, not flat Scientists also discovered the Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun

36. Math The Indians invented Algebra and introduced the concept of zero