Memory “no memory is ever alone; it’s at the end of a trail of memories, a dozen trails that each have their own associations.” Chapter 13
Memory The mental process by which information is encoded and stored in the brain and later retrieved.
How would your life change if you could not remember anything after today?
Encoding The first memory process in which information is organized and interpreted so it can be entered into memory.
Storage The second memory process in which information is entered and maintained in memory for a period of time.
Retrieval The third memory process, which involves recovering stored information from memory so it can be used.
MEMORIZE THE LETTERS BFI GPR SUW BIW PLR YEQ
Memory Timing Systems Primacy Effect: the increased memory for the first bits of information presented in a string of information. Recency Effect: the increased memory for the last bits of information presented in a string of information.
Information-Processing Sensory Memory: a memory system that very briefly stores a vast amount of information received from five senses. Short Term Memory: a memory system that holds information briefly while you actively work with the information. How much info can we hold? Long-Term Memory: a lasting memory system that holds an enormous amount of information.
Short-Term Memory cont. Short-term memory is much more than brief storage area for information. It is the memory area where you actively work with information that comes from either sensory or long-term memory. Short-term memory is working memory.
SECTION #2 OF MEMORY
Why do students test better in the rooms that they learned the information?
PG 377 (memorize the memory model below) Sensory Memory Imput Attention Short- Term Memory Storage Rehearsal Long- Term Memory Retrieval
Chunking Combining bits of information into a small number of meaningful groups, or chunks, that can be stored in short- term memory.
Write down the 7 Dwarfs. Doc Cranky Sleepy Dopey Bashful Grumpy Happy Sneezy Gloom y Silly Jumpy Wheezy Lazy Gabby Weepy Crabby Dizzy Sniffy Weepy
Recognition vs. Recall Recall: a test of explicit memory in which a person must retrieve and reproduce information from memory. Recognition: a test of explicit memory in which a person must decide whether or not the information has been encountered before. Relearning: Learning material a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned. (relearn a math formula you knew last year)
Reconstructing Memories Misinformation effects: changes in memories due to a person being exposed to misleading information. Flashbulb Memories: vivid memories of surprising and emotional events that a personally important.
Retrieval Cues and Mnemonics 1. Drill and Practice(Maintenance rehearsal) 2. Relate(elaborative rehearsal) 3. Form Unusual Associations 4. Method of loci (Page 390)
Increase Your Memory for Exams Pg 392
13.3 Forgetting Describe the forgetting curve Describe the difference between retroactive interference and proactive interference. Describe motivated forgetting and the difference between suppression and repression. Explain how brain damage may lead to forgetting.
The forgetting curve Read on page
Motivated Forgetting Suppression: motivated forgetting that occurs when a person consciously tries to forget something. Repression: Motivated forgetting that occurs when a person unconsciously pushes unpleasant memories out of his or her mind.
Brain Damage and Forgetting Anterograde Amnesia: The inability to form long-term memories due to a physical injury to the brain. Retrograde Amnesia: The loss of information previously stored in long-term memory due to physical injury to the brain.