Chapter 19.1

  Confederate forces took over Federal arsenals and forts in the South.  Fort Sumter guarded the entrance to South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor.  President Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply federal troops holding the fort. Lincoln Faces a Crisis

Present day Fort Sumter

  The Fighting Begins  Confederate forces fired on the federal troops at Fort Sumter on April 12,  Federal troops at the fort surrendered after 34 hours of bombardment.  Lincoln declared the South to be in rebellion and requested state governors to supply 75,000 militiamen to help put down the revolt. Lincoln Faces a Crisis

  All free northern states remained loyal to the Union.  Joining the Confederacy  The southern states that had not seceded had to choose sides.  The states of the Upper South- North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia- all joined the Confederacy soon after Lincoln’s call for troops. Choosing Sides

  Arkansas also joined the Confederacy.  Upper South provided the Confederacy with soldiers and industrial resources.  Richmond, Virginia, became the Confederacy’s capital. Choosing Sides

  The Border States  Four slave states that bordered the North- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri- remained in the Union.  Kentucky and Missouri controlled key stretches of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; Maryland enclosed much of the federal capital of Washington D.C. Choosing Sides

  People in Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri were deeply divided over secession despite choosing to stay in the Union.  People in western Virginia remained loyal to the Union and created their own government; the new state of West Virginia joined the Union in The Border States

  In both the Confederacy and Union, thousands of volunteers joined the army.  In the border states, family members often joined opposing sides in the war. The Volunteer Spirit

  Civilians  Raised money, helped soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals  Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to earn a medical license, was instrumental in the creation of the US Sanitary Comission in  The Commission sent supplies, and food to Union camps and hospitals. The Volunteer Spirit

  Northern Advantages  Had a much larger population, which provided more soldiers  Had most of the nation’s factories and shipyards and a better railway network  Able to raise more money to pay for the costs of war The North versus the South

  Southern Advantages  Had many skilled officers and a strong military tradition  Needed only to defend its territory; the North had to conquer enemy territory The North versus the South

  Union Military Strategy  Union general Winfield Scott developed the Union’s two-part strategy: destroy the South’s economy with a naval blockade of southern seaports and divide the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River.  Other northern leaders also wanted to attack Richmond, the Confederate capital. The North versus the South

Anaconda Plan

  Southern Strategy  Defend the Confederacy’s territory and wear down the Union’s will to fight  Capture Washington, D.C., the federal capital  Win foreign allies through cotton diplomacy- based on Great Britain and others offering support because their textile industries relied on American cotton  Failed when Britain turned to other sources of cotton, such as Egypt and India The North versus the South