Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers Sections 1 &2 The Industrial Revolution Americans Move Westward

Objectives Identify the Industrial Revolution and its effects on the United States Describe early factories with focus on Lowell, Massachusetts Describe how settlers traveled west Explain new developments in transportation

I. The Industrial Revolution A. New Technology 1. Begins in Britain mid 1700s 2. New machines for textile industry 3. James Hargreaves invented Spinning jenny – could spin several threads at once 4. Water powered loom – Edmund Cartwright 5. Produced more cloth in a day than was possible before

Spinning Jenny

B. The Factory System 1. New inventions required new systems of production 2. Capitalist- a person who invests in a business in order to make a profit 3. Factory system- brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods

Spinning Jenny Slater’s Mill

II. A Revolution Crosses the Atlantic A. Slater Breaks the Law 1. British law forbid anyone to take plans for new machinery out of the country Slater left Britain 3. Memorized the plans so he wouldn’t get caught with them B. The First American Mill Slater built the first successful textile mill in the US powered by water 2. Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Interchangeable Parts C. Interchangeable parts- all machine made parts are identical to each other 1. Eli Whitney 2. Earlier, everything made one at a time 3. Saves time and money 4. Idea spread rapidly

III. Lowell, Massachusetts: A Model Factory Town A. Had to produce more goods because of the blockade of ports during War of 1812 B. The Lowell Mills 1. Francis Cabot Lowell 2. Combine spinning and weaving under one roof 3. Built a whole town of factories as a model of efficiency

Lowell and Lowell Girls

The Lowell Girls C. The Lowell Girls 1. Young women from nearby farms 2. Most sent wages home 3. Boarding houses 4. Rules 5. Independence

IV. Daily Life During the Industrial Revolution A. Child Labor 1. As young as seven 2. Not seen as cruel because farm work was just as hard or harder 3. Child’s wages needed to support the family B. Long Hours hour days, 6 days a week 2. Conditions better than in Europe 3. As competition increases, owners grew less interested in welfare of workers

C. Changes in Home Life 1. More family members left home to earn a living 2. Affected ideas about the role of women 3. Poor women had to work

V. Growing Cities A. Many people left farms to work in factories B. Urbanization-movement of population from farms to cities 1. Steady but gradual process 2. Early cities were small but growing

Pros and Cons of Urban Living C. Hazards 1. Dirt streets turned to mud in rain 2. No sewers, garbage in streets 3. Disease spread easily D. Attractions 1. Theaters, museums, circuses 2. Latest fashions, shopping

Americans Move Westward

VI. Traveling West A. “West” -referred to the lands between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River B. Population of some of 13 colonies declines as people move west C. Need to improve transportation to the west is obvious

D. Western Routes 1. Great Wagon Road through Pennsylvania 2. Wilderness Road south and west by Daniel Boone’s route, led through Cumberland Gap 3. Flatboats down Ohio River 4. People from GA and SC followed routes to AL and MS 5. People from NE pushed into NW territory

Flatboats

New States Enter the Union E. New States 1792 Kentucky 1796 Tennessee 1803 Ohio 1812 Louisiana 1816 Indiana 1817 Mississippi 1818 Illinois 1819 Alabama

VII. Improvements to Roads A. Turnpikes and Corduroy Roads 1. Roads built by private companies 2. Turnpikes for tolls 3. Lancaster Turnpike the best of its time, linked Lancaster and Philadelphia 4.Corduroy roads of logs 5. Covered bridges lasted longer than plain wood

B. The National Road Congress sets aside funds 2. Road to run from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling in western VA 3. Work begins 1811 and is completed in Road later extended as needed

VIII. Steam Transport A. Fitch and Fulton 1. Fitch showed how a steam engine could power a boat (Constitutional Convention 1787) 2. Few people used his ferry service 3. Fulton launched a steamboat - the Clermont on the Hudson River mile trip in 62 hours - record

What would be some of the advantages of the steamships? B. The Age of Steamboats 1. Revolutionized travel in the west 2. Gave farmers and merchants a cheap way to move goods 3. Dangerous at times as sparks can explode high pressure boilers

IX. The Canal Boom A. Building the Erie Canal 1. Let farmers ship goods to port of New York 2. Links Great Lakes with Hudson River 3. DeWitt Clinton, governor of NY, instrumental in getting it built 4. “Clinton’s Ditch”

The Big Ditch This painting shows the "Seneca Chief," the flagship of a flotilla making the maiden voyage down the Erie Canal. The 363-mile-long, $7 million canal opened the shortest thoroughfare between the Atlantic Coast's factories and the natural bounty of the Great Lakes, helping to position New York City as America's leading metropolis. The Canal did not greatly affect business for stagecoach companies, which were faster, and not limited by road capacity or ice, but it did bankrupt the Conestoga wagon freight carriers. By 1841, however, the railroads had put stagecoach companies out of business. The Erie Canal still operates today.

Transcontinental Railroad