Ch. 5 Rome World History

Italy- 750 miles, N  S Average of 120 miles E  W Apennine Mnts. – –range splits Italy down the middle 3 major river plains –The Po River valley -in the north –The Plain of Latium -where Rome is located –Campania – South of Latium 750 miles, N  S Average of 120 miles E  W Apennine Mnts. – –range splits Italy down the middle 3 major river plains –The Po River valley -in the north –The Plain of Latium -where Rome is located –Campania – South of Latium

Rome’s Geography Built in-land Protection from pirates and on Tiber river Farm land=large population 7 Hills of Rome Apennines- don’t divide people Alps rugged, but have passes Peninsula Built in-land Protection from pirates and on Tiber river Farm land=large population 7 Hills of Rome Apennines- don’t divide people Alps rugged, but have passes Peninsula

Early People Latins Greeks pass on alphabet Etruscans –Drain marshes –Founded city of Rome –Have Kings Romans overthrow Etruscans Latins Greeks pass on alphabet Etruscans –Drain marshes –Founded city of Rome –Have Kings Romans overthrow Etruscans

The People of Italy people first entered Italy ( BC) Latins –located in Latium –they were herders and farmers –lived in settlements on the tops of Rome’s Hills After 800BC: two new groups settled in Italy –Greeks and Etruscans people first entered Italy ( BC) Latins –located in Latium –they were herders and farmers –lived in settlements on the tops of Rome’s Hills After 800BC: two new groups settled in Italy –Greeks and Etruscans

Roman Republic Some citizens can vote Why were the Romans so successful? P.148 Some citizens can vote Why were the Romans so successful? P.148

What made Rome a success? Good diplomats- citizens and allies Persistent, skilled army and strategists Developed political institutions as they went along rather than a having a “master plan” Good diplomats- citizens and allies Persistent, skilled army and strategists Developed political institutions as they went along rather than a having a “master plan”

Patricians Wealthy land owners Small % of population Wealthy land owners Small % of population

Plebians Less wealthy landowners, farmers, artisans, and merchants Both groups pay taxes, vote and serve in military * Only Patricians can hold office Less wealthy landowners, farmers, artisans, and merchants Both groups pay taxes, vote and serve in military * Only Patricians can hold office

2 Consuls -Elected yearly -Lead Republic -Lead into battle Praetor -Civil Matters 300 Senators -Advise rulers -Force of Law -Patricians elected for life Assemblies -Dominated by rich patricians -Centuriate Assembly * Most Important Passed Laws Elected Officials -Council of Plebs The Early Roman Republic Legislative Branch Executive Branch Tribunes protect Plebeians

Roman Law 12 Tables- worked for small society (FIRST) Law of Nations (LATER) developed for new conquered areas –Used natural law and reason –Standards of justice- innocent until proven guilty, defending yourself, weighing evidence 12 Tables- worked for small society (FIRST) Law of Nations (LATER) developed for new conquered areas –Used natural law and reason –Standards of justice- innocent until proven guilty, defending yourself, weighing evidence

Causes of the 1st Punic War 1.)Carthage becomes a commercial power 2.)Both were aggressive 3.)Both were expansionistic 4.)Carthage feared take over of Sicily 5.)Rome feared Carthage would close the Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina 1.)Carthage becomes a commercial power 2.)Both were aggressive 3.)Both were expansionistic 4.)Carthage feared take over of Sicily 5.)Rome feared Carthage would close the Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina

Results of the 1st Punic War 1.) Carthage asks for peace 2.) Had to pay an indemnity (money for damages caused) 3.) Carthage must give up control of Sicily 1.) Carthage asks for peace 2.) Had to pay an indemnity (money for damages caused) 3.) Carthage must give up control of Sicily

Causes of the 2nd Punic War 1.)Hannibal (from Carthage) uses infantry, cavalry and war elephants to cross the Alps and invade Italy  Hannibal fights in southern Italy  Roman allies remain loyal  Romans invade Africa and threaten Carthage  Roman General Scipio defeats Hannibal in Battle of Zama 1.)Hannibal (from Carthage) uses infantry, cavalry and war elephants to cross the Alps and invade Italy  Hannibal fights in southern Italy  Roman allies remain loyal  Romans invade Africa and threaten Carthage  Roman General Scipio defeats Hannibal in Battle of Zama

Results of 2nd Punic War 1.) Carthage Asks for Peace and Pays Indemnity 2.) Carthage loses Spanish Colonies 3.) Carthage loses power- Rome most powerful in Western Mediterranean 4.) Macedonia who had allied itself with Carthage is now on Rome’s “bad side” 1.) Carthage Asks for Peace and Pays Indemnity 2.) Carthage loses Spanish Colonies 3.) Carthage loses power- Rome most powerful in Western Mediterranean 4.) Macedonia who had allied itself with Carthage is now on Rome’s “bad side”

Causes of 3rd Punic War 1.) Romans hate Carthaginians even though they are no longer a threat 2.) Senate Votes to Destroy Carthage 1.) Romans hate Carthaginians even though they are no longer a threat 2.) Senate Votes to Destroy Carthage

Results of 3rd Punic War Carthage is destroyed!

Growing Power of the Senate Aristocrats gain more and more land and use slave labor Small farmers are driven out Aristocrats gain more and more land and use slave labor Small farmers are driven out

Reformers Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus –Want land reform and to give land back to farmers –Both brothers are killed- starts cycle of violence Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus –Want land reform and to give land back to farmers –Both brothers are killed- starts cycle of violence

Military Changes Marius- General- recruits his volunteer army- are loyal to him Lucius Cornelius Sulla- does the same and marches his troops on Rome= Civil War Marius- General- recruits his volunteer army- are loyal to him Lucius Cornelius Sulla- does the same and marches his troops on Rome= Civil War

The 1st Triumvirate Rule of 3- Crassus, Pompey, & Julius Caesar Caesar eventually takes control as a dictator Rule of 3- Crassus, Pompey, & Julius Caesar Caesar eventually takes control as a dictator

Julius Caesar Land to the poor Enlarged Senate Citizenship to his allies Fearing continued rule as a dictatorship Caesar is assassinated Land to the poor Enlarged Senate Citizenship to his allies Fearing continued rule as a dictatorship Caesar is assassinated

The 2nd Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus Octavian and Antony split empire Antony takes east Octavian takes West Octavian wins civil war= signals end of republic Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus Octavian and Antony split empire Antony takes east Octavian takes West Octavian wins civil war= signals end of republic

Age of Augustus Octavian given title of Augustus “the revered one” & “imperator” ( 1 st emperor) –Army made up of legions, auxiliary, & the Praetorian Guard to guard the emperor –Sets up a system to chose a successor through family lines Octavian given title of Augustus “the revered one” & “imperator” ( 1 st emperor) –Army made up of legions, auxiliary, & the Praetorian Guard to guard the emperor –Sets up a system to chose a successor through family lines

Early Empire Emperors are corrupt and power hungry –Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero Emperors are corrupt and power hungry –Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero

The “Good Emperors” Rule during the 200 yr. Pax Romana- period of peace and prosperity –Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius Rule during the 200 yr. Pax Romana- period of peace and prosperity –Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

Problems With Roman Expansion Government –Greedy nobles –Corruption –No extension of citizenship Agriculture –Latifundia w/ slaves(plantations) –Small farmers squeezed out Government –Greedy nobles –Corruption –No extension of citizenship Agriculture –Latifundia w/ slaves(plantations) –Small farmers squeezed out

Class Changes Equites- business and land owners- get wealth and power from trading, public works contracts, war looting New slaves from conquered territories are treated poorly Slave Revolts- Spartacus leads revolt of 70,000 slaves Equites- business and land owners- get wealth and power from trading, public works contracts, war looting New slaves from conquered territories are treated poorly Slave Revolts- Spartacus leads revolt of 70,000 slaves