Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL SECURITY Chapter Seventeen

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Learning Outcomes 1. Define foreign policy, diplomacy and national security policy, and explain how these policies shape the position of the United States in the world. 2. Explain the role of the president in setting foreign policy and national security policy, and compare those powers to the powers of the Congress. 2

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Learning Outcomes 3. Trace the evolution of United States foreign policy from isolationism to global leadership. 4. Explain the origins of the war on terror and how it has influenced domestic policy and relations with other nations. 5. Discuss the security and diplomatic challenges facing the United States today. 3

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy  Foreign policy includes techniques and strategies used to achieve external goals and the goals themselves.  Techniques include:  Diplomacy  Economic aid  Technical assistance  Military intervention 4

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy  National security policy  Protects U.S. independence and political integrity  Defense against actual or potential threat, either foreign or domestic  Influenced by Department of Defense, Department of State, NSC and other agencies  Defense policy  Subset of national security policy  Directs scale and size of armed forces 5

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy  Diplomacy  Conducts nation’s external relationships  Settles disputes peacefully  Negotiating techniques used to carry out foreign policy  Only successful if participants willing Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 6

Who Makes Foreign Policy?  Constitutional powers of the president  War powers  President is commander in chief  Approval of covert operations/surveillance  Treaties and executive agreements  Other powers  Appointment  Recognize foreign governments 7

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning White House Situation Room 8

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Who Makes Foreign Policy?  Informal techniques of presidential leadership  Tradition, precedent, personality 9

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Who Makes Foreign Policy?  Other sources of foreign policymaking  Department of State  National Security Council  Intelligence community  Covert actions  Criticisms, especially after 9/11  Department of Defense 10

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Pentagon 11

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Who Makes Foreign Policy?  Congress balances the presidency  War Powers Resolution (1973)  Passed over President Nixon’s veto  Limits president’s military actions without approval  Limits on presidential military requests  Political considerations 12

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy  Elite and mass opinion  Elite organizations  Attentive public  Interest group politics  Military-industrial complex  Congressional support in states that benefit 13

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Major Foreign Policy Themes Moralist Foreign Policy Perspective  Moral principles  Political principles  Invasion of Iraq  Support of Arab Spring Realist Foreign Policy Perspective  Economic interests  Security interests  Drone strikes Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 14

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Major Foreign Policy Themes  Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements  Little international power in early years  Monroe Doctrine and isolationism  Spanish-American War and World War I  1920s “back to normalcy” 15

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Major Foreign Policy Themes  Era of Internationalism  World War II  The Cold War  Containment policy  Truman Doctrine  NATO 16

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Major Foreign Policy Themes  Superpower Relations  Cuba missile crisis  Period of détente  SALT I  Reagan-Bush years  Dissolution of the Soviet Union 17

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Major Foreign Policy Themes  The War on Terrorism  New kind of war after 9/11 attacks  U.S. presence in Afghanistan and Iraq  Preemptive war strategy (Bush doctrine) 18

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The Major Foreign Policy Themes  Iraq and Afghanistan wars  First Gulf War  Iraq War  Occupied Iraq  The situation worsens  The Bush surge 19

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Ethnic/Religious Groups in Iraq 20

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Global Policy Challenges  The emerging world order  Threat of terrorism  Terrorism and regional strife  Terrorist attacks against foreign civilians  London bombings 21

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Global Policy Challenges  Nuclear weapons  United States and the Soviet Union  Nuclear proliferation  Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (Senate rejects)  Working with allies to prevent nuclear Iran 22

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The United States and Regional Conflicts  Often over trade, weapons acquisition or political differences  The Middle East  Israel and the Palestinians  The Arab Spring  Iranian ambitions 23

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning Arab Spring Nations 24

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning The United States and Regional Conflicts  Central and South America  Mostly protective attitude toward “neighbors”  Continuous tensions with Cuba  Venezuela and President Chavez  War and HIV/AIDS in Africa  U.S. trying to help with health issues  No direct intervention in conflicts and unstable regimes 25