Democratic Challenges in African Nations CST 10.1,2,3

1960s Cultural Policies in Africa In drawing up colonial boundaries, the colonial powers ignored ethnic and cultural divisions. CONSEQUENCES: Lack of national identity Continuing ethnic and cultural rivalries Civil wars

Economic Policies in Africa The colonial powers developed plantations and mines but few factories in Africa. CONSEQUENCES: Unbalanced economies Small middle classes Few products for local consumers

Social Policies-Education The colonial powers did little to educate the majority of Africans CONSEQUENCES: A lack of skilled and literate work force for industry and government

Nigeria

1960 Nigeria becomes independent Established a federal system (power is shared between states and a central gov’t.) States were based on 3 ethnic groups.

Three Main Ethnic Groups in Nigeria Hausa-Fulani: Largest group, live in the northern part, Muslim Yoruba-Live in the western part, mostly farmers, kings ,Muslim Christian/Animists Igbo (Ibo) Live in the south, mostly farmers, democratic traditions, Muslim/Christian/Animists

NIGERIA 1963-1970 Civil War, 1970-1979 Military Rule with martial law (temporary military rule) CONSEQUENCES: Destruction of the Igbo region In 1967 Biafra is created, when Igbo flee to the east and secede from Nigeria In 1970, Biafra surrenders and more than a million Igbo starve to death. Military rule establishes a more stable government

NIGERIA 1979-1983 Democratic rule 1983 the military overthrow Nigeria’s civilian government CONSEQUENCES: The end of democracy Hausa-Fulani discriminate against other ethnic groups

1999 Free Elections held Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yuroba, was elected the first civilian president He was re-elected in 2003 Nigeria still has many problems: war, violence, corruption, poverty, and hunger. Does have economic growth because of its oil exports.

Olusegun Obasanjo

President of Nigeria :Umaru Yar’Adua, 2007- Died May 5, 2010

President Goodluck Jonathan

South Africa

South Africa 1910 gained self-rule as a dominion of the British Empire 1931 became an independent member of the British Commonwealth Established a constitution that gave whites power and denied the black majority rights.

1948 The National Party gains power in South Africa CONSEQUENCES: It promotes the Afrikaner (Dutch, white) nationalism Establishes apartheid policy (the policy of complete separation of the races) Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods. Banned all social contact between whites and blacks.

1959 Minority (white) gov’t. sets up reserves, called homelands, for major black groups in So. Africa Blacks make up 75% of the population, homelands are 13% of the land.

African National Congress (ANC) Blacks formed this group in 1912 to fight for black African rights in South Africa. ANC is banned by the government Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years as a dissident (an opponent of gov’t policy)

1976 Riots break out in the black township of Soweto CONSEQUENCES: Government represses protesters Protests mount, violence mounts By 1986, int’l protests led to So. African government declaring a state of emergency

1980’s Black So. Afr. Bishop Desmond Tutu launches an economic campaign against apartheid. He asks nations around the world to stop trading with South Africa.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu wins the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize

1989 South Africans elect F. W. de Klerk president CONSEQUENCES He legalizes the ANC Releases Nelson Mandela from prison 18 months after his election, apartheid is repealed

1994 President de Klerk agrees to hold universal elections, people of all races can vote CONSEQUENCE: A VICTORY FOR ANC Nelson Mandela is elected President, the first black president of South Africa.

1996 A new Constitution including a Bill of Rights modeled after the U.S. Bill of Rights Greater hope for democracy 1999- Thabo Mbeki elected president South Africa still facing major problems (read p.611)

De Klerk Mandela

New President of South Africa Jacob Zuma

FIFA World Cup June 11-July 11, 2010