Bio[Macro]molecules Unit 3 – Lecture 4

Levels of Organization – review Atom Molecule Biomolecule [aka macro-molecule] Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Biomolecules “molecules of life” – are organic molecules organic – contains carbon [C] ALL living things contain carbon inorganic – does not contain carbon are types of macromolecules a large molecule “macro” – large [opposite of “micro”]

Biomolecules – cont’d are polymers polymer – many units of a substance joined together “poly” – many monomer – a single unit /the basic unit of a substance “mono” – single

Biomolecules – cont’d types of reactions hydrolysis – breaking a bond by adding water “lysis” – to break down makes smaller molecules from larger ones “Reactants” “yield”  “Products”

Biomolecules – cont’d types of reactions condensation – making a bond by taking out water makes larger molecules from smaller ones “Reactants” “yield”  “Products”

Biomolecules – cont’d four types: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Elements carbon [C – “carbo”] hydrogen [H – “hydr”] oxygen[O – “ate”] come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:1 ex: C6H12O6

Carbohydrates – cont’d Monomer monosaccharide “saccharide” – refers to a sugar Examples glucose, fructose, galactose…etc. “ose” = sugar

Carbohydrates – cont’d Isomer – cmpds w/ the same chemical formula but different chem. structures C6H12O6 = glucose C6H12O6 = fructose C6H12O6 = galactose

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examples disaccharides: maltose [glucose + glucose] sucrose [glucose + fructose] lactose [glucose + galactose]

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examples polysaccharides: starches plant energy [abbr: E] storage linear linkage of glucose molecules

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examples polysaccharides: glycogen animal E storage branching linkage of glucose molecules

Carbohydrates – cont’d Examples polysaccharides: cellulose plant cell walls [rigid, protective] lattice-like linkage of glucose molecules

Carbohydrates – cont’d Uses main preferred source of energy for animals provides structure & support cell identification

Lipids Elements carbon [C] hydrogen [H] oxygen[O] come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:<1 ex: C12H24O2 = lauric acid; C55H98O6 = triglycerides MUCH less oxygen than carbohydrates

Lipids – cont’d Monomer most often: glycerol + 3 fatty acids aka triglycerides: long, LONG carbon-hydrogen chains

Lipids – cont’d Examples fats, waxes, & oils: cholesterol & vitamin D [sterols], phospholipids [in cell membrane], olive oil, etc.

Lipids – cont’d Uses secondary source of energy soap [when treated with a strong alkaline solution] insulation cell boundary etc.

Proteins Elements carbon [C] hydrogen [H] oxygen [O] nitrogen [N] most have sulfur [S]

Proteins– cont’d Monomer amino acids [my abbr: a.a] C-H bond, carboxyl group [COOH], an amine group [NH2], and an “R” group join together using a peptide bond

Proteins– cont’d peptide bond – formed between H of amine group of one a.a and the OH of another’s carboxyl… bond formed takes water out [condensation]

Proteins– cont’d Examples protein channels, antibodies, enzymes

Proteins– cont’d Enzyme a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction ends in “ase” is typically a catalyst catalyst: increases the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy

Proteins– cont’d activation E: amount of E it takes for a reaction to occur can only work under certain environmental conditions

Proteins– cont’d How Enzymes Work: “lock & key” model – a certain enzyme has a certain shape and will only work with a certain substrate

Proteins– cont’d Uses building up, replacing, and maintaining tissues, movement gene regulation chemical reception [like for insulin] chemical storage [ferritin] immune system …etc.

Nucleic Acids Elements carbon [C] hydrogen [H] oxygen [O] nitrogen [N] phosphorous [P]

Nucleic Acids – cont’d Monomer nucleotide 3 parts: sugar (de-oxy)ribose phosphate phosphorus oxygen base A, T, C, G, U

Nucleic Acids – cont’d Examples DNA [de-oxy-ribo- nucleic acid] RNA

Nucleic Acids – cont’d Uses carry genetic information control of ALL body processes some form structures to help in protein synthesis