Skeletal System Sports Training and Physiology Kociuba

Skeletal System - Objectives Name the parts of the skeletal system Describe their function Name the major bone shapes Name and describe the 2 patterns of bone formation Describe the process of bone repair Discuss age related issues with the skeletal system

Skeletal System – Objectives 2 Define general anatomic terms for various bone features List the bones in the body Define and explain how joints are named and classified Define and demonstrate the types of movement at the joints in the body Discuss age related issues with joints

Functions of the Skeletal System Support –Carries weight –Cartilage –Ligaments Protection –organs Movement –Muscles attach to bones that cause movement Storage –Minerals –Fat Blood cell production –Red bone marrow to produce blood cells and platelets

Bone Shapes Long Bones –Longer than they are wide Short Bones –As wide as they are long Flat Bones –Relatively thin flatten shape and are curved Irregular Bones –Have shapes that don’t fit into the other categories

2 patterns of bone formation Intramembranous Ossification –The formation of a bone within a connective tissue membrane –EX: When babies skull forms around the brain Endochondral Ossification –The formation of bone within cartilage –EX: most of the remaining skeleton is formed this way

Bone Repair

1.Hematoma formation: clotting of the blood vessels that were broken 2.Callus formation: a mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site 3.Callus ossification: the tissues turn into spongy bone 4.Bone remodeling: the tissues then turn into compact bone and the blood vessels are reconnected

Bones and Aging Bones turn brittle Bone mass is at it’s highest at about the age of 30 Men generally have denser bones than women because of testosterone Menopause increases age related bone loss

Skeleton Axial Skeleton –Upright axis of the body –Protects the brain, spinal cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax Appendicular Skeleton –Upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

Human Skeleton

Joints or Articulations A place where two or more bones come together.

Types of Joints Fibrous Joints –Two bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement Cartilaginous Joints –Two bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Synovial Joints –Freely movable joints –Contain synovial fluid –Have a joint cavity –Mostly found in the appendicular skeleton –Either uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial

3 Types of Joints Found in the Body

6 Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joints a.k.a.: Gliding Joints Pivot Joints Hinge Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints Ellipsoid Joints a.k.a.: Conyloid Joints Saddle Joints

6 Synovial Joints

Types of Joint Movement Gliding Movement Angular Movement –Flexion and Extension –Abduction and Adduction Circular Movement –Rotation –Pronation and Supination –Circumduction Special Movements –Elevation and Depression –Protraction and Retraction –Excursion –Opposition and Reposition –Inversion and Eversion

Aging on the Joints Replacement of cartilage slows Production of synovial fluid declines Arthritis –Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) –Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Arthritis (OA)