2. ~ Skull and upper jaw 21 bones ~ 3 tiny bones in each ear ~ Lower jaw (mandible) ~ Front neck bone (hyoid) ~ Backbone or spine (26 separate bones or vertebrae) ~ Ribs (12 pairs - same number for men and women) ~ Breastbone ~ Each upper limb has 32 bones: 2 in shoulder, 3 in arm, 8 in wrist, 19 in hand and fingers. ~ Each lower limb has 31 bones: 1 in hip (one side of pelvis), 4 in leg, 7 in ankle, 19 in foot and toes Can you believe we have 206 bones?

3. FUNCTION: 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Storage of minerals 5. Production of blood cells

4. AXIAL SKELETON - skull, vertebral column & rib cage. 1. Protect vital organs 2. Holds body upright & allows bending and twisting 3. Production of blood cells

5. APPENDICULAR SKELETON - -arm & leg bones, pelvis & shoulder areas. 1. Movement 2. Production of blood cells 3. Storage of minerals

6. PARTS OF THE BONE: A. PERIOSTEUM - living membrane covering bone B. SPONGY BONE- tissue with many spaces, located at end of long bones & in middle of flat bones. C. COMPACT BONE - very dense, located in shafts of long bones.

7. D. Marrow - soft tissue that fills some space in bone 1. Red - produces RBC 2. Yellow - mostly fat cells

8. E. Haversian Canals - spaces through which nerves & blood vessels pass F. Osteoblasts make new bone cells

9. JOINTS - a place where bones meet A. Classifications 1. Immovable - skull 2. Slightly moveable (vertebral column)

10. a. ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip) b. Hinge (elbow) 3. Freely moveable

11. joints, cont... D. Gliding (wrist) c. Pivot (attaches skull to head)

12. e. Saddle (EX: thumb) joints, cont...

13. CARTILAGE 1. Some always present 2. Ossification - replacement of cartilage w/bone 3. Bursae - fluid-filled sacs that lubricate some freely moveable joints

14. TENDONS - attach muscle to bone LIGAMENTS attach bone to bone

15. DO YOU SEE THE DIFFERENCE?

16. Diseases & Disorders Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, causing pain in the body's joints. Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, occurs when a joint wears out.

17. Osteoporosisis a disease resulting in the loss of bone tissue Scoliosis is a side- to-side curve of the spine.

18. FRACTURES Leukemia affects the production of red blood cells.

19. TYPES OF BONES A. Long - have a tubular shaft and articular surface at each end. Ex/: femur, patella, etc.

20. B. Short, or Irregular - are variable in size & shape, and are generally compact in nature. Patella (knee cap) Tarsals

21. C. Flat - are thin and have broad surfaces (ribs,clavicle, etc.)