1. The functions of the skeleton (as part of a healthy, active body)

2. Shape and support (allowing good posture)

3. Movement Muscles attach to bones and create movement (levers) around joints

4. Protect internal organs

5. Produce red and white blood cells

6. Store minerals

7. Task Label the bones on the skeleton

8. 3 categories of joint Fibrous or fixed-no movement Cartilaginous-slight movement Synovial-freely moveable

9. Hinge joint Movement in one plane only Eg knee, elbow

10. Pivot joint Only allows rotation Eg neck vertebrae when turning head

11. ellipsoid Biaxial movement i.e. in 2 planes Eg playing a badminton shot

12. gliding When two flat surfaces glide over one another Eg carpal bones in wrist when playing hockey

13. Saddle joint When concave surface meets convex as in thumb gripping tennis racket

14. Ball and socket When a round head of bone sits in a socket – allows wide range of movement Eg hip, shoulder

15. CartilageLigaments Soft connective tissue Babies skeleton is mainly cartilage – through process of ‘ossification’ mostly becomes bone Has no blood supply Connective tissue between bones Tough, resilient, keep joints together & stable Prevent extreme movement Resist dislocation

16. 3 main types of cartilage Yellow elastic- flexible (ear lobe) Hyaline (blue) articular - on articulating surfaces of bones. Protective - allows movement by limiting friction. Thickens through exercise White fibro- tough shock absorber, eg semi-lunar cartilage in knee joint

17. Cartilage & ligament injuries Repeated small injuries can lead to cartilage tears Degeneration (wear and tear of meniscus cartilage) Cartilage is slow to heal as it doesn’t have a blood supply Ligaments can sprain or tear Medial/cruciate – common knee ligament injuries

18. Movement at joints Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation

19. levers

20. Q’s 1. explain how the skeletal system responds to exercise (5) 2. name the two most common forms of arthritis and describe their causes (6) 3. which category of person is most likely to suffer from osteoporosis and what factors could contribute to this (3)

21. Answer 1 short term – in joints stimulates secretion of synovial fluid, which becomes less viscous = greater range of movement longer term – connective tissue becomes more flexible. With time improved range of movement becomes more sustained. Bone increases in density = stronger = less risk of osteoporosis. Hyaline cartilage, tendons and ligaments thicken = reduced risk of injury. Bone mineral content higher

22. Answer 2 Osteoarthritis – caused by ageing and general wear and tear, injury, overweight Rheumatoid – immune system attacks cells within joint capsule. Women more at risk, also genetic predisposition, smoking and obesity

23. Answer 3 Women over 60 Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake Lack of weight bearing exercise