Human Influence on Genes

Why Analyze DNA? Check for diseases Check for diseases Identify parents Identify parents Crime scene investigations Crime scene investigations Develop nutrient rich food Develop nutrient rich food

Selective Breeding Allowing animals with only desired characteristics to breed Allowing animals with only desired characteristics to breed Development of different dog breeds Development of different dog breeds

How are changes made to DNA? Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA

Genetic Engineering process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms Example: Rice genetically engineered to contain added nutrients Example: Rice genetically engineered to contain added nutrients

DNA Analysis DNA can be extracted from a cell and cut apart for analysis DNA can be extracted from a cell and cut apart for analysis The DNA fragments can be separated and analyzed in a procedure known as gel electrophoresis The DNA fragments can be separated and analyzed in a procedure known as gel electrophoresis

DNA Copies In order to study genes copies must be made In order to study genes copies must be made polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene Often used in police investigations Often used in police investigations

Making Copies of Organisms A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Who’s your daddy? DNA is passed from parents to offspring DNA is passed from parents to offspring You are a genetic combination of your mother and your father You are a genetic combination of your mother and your father The reason you look similar to your parents is because you have a higher percentage of similar DNA. Remember DNA codes for amino acids which codes for protein production The reason you look similar to your parents is because you have a higher percentage of similar DNA. Remember DNA codes for amino acids which codes for protein production DNA of parents and their offspring is a closer match than the DNA of non family members DNA of parents and their offspring is a closer match than the DNA of non family members