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G.1G.2G.3G.4 & G

Temperature Water Breeding Sites Food Supply Territory What are some factors that affect the distribution of animal species? (there are 5)

Need to construct food web – this is complicated because animals eat/are eaten by more than one type of animal Where to put omnivores?? Example: bears eat plants, insects, and fish…so are they primary/secondary/ or tertiary consumers? Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms into trophic levels.

Kudzu (deliberate release..thought to solve soil erosion) rapid growth (≥ 60ft per season) costs US $500 million per year Zebra mussels (accidental release) in Great Lakes one mussel  100,000 eggs per year Prickly pear (under control) cactus in Australia What are 3 examples of the introduction of alien species that have had significant impacts on the ecosystem?

R-strategy: disposable offspring Ex: zebra mussels; hundreds of offspring; more likely to survive natural disaster (unstable environment) K-strategy: nurture offspring Ex: zebra (larger animals/most mammals); few offspring; time/ energy spent nurturing young; not likely to survive catastrophe (stable environment) Distinguish between r-strategies & k-strategies.

Fundamental niche: potential mode of existence, given the adaptation of the species complete range of biological & physical conditions under which an organism can live Realized niche: actual mode of existence, results from adaptations & competition with other species narrower range Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches. IDEAL REAL

Gross production: total amount of energy trapped in organic matter produced by plants (per area per time) Net production = gross production – respiration Biomass: dry mass of an organism Define gross production, net production, and biomass.

Process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level Define biomagnification.

Restoration Recovery of threatened species Removal of introduced species Legal protection against development/ pollution Funding and prioritizing What are some roles of active management techniques in conservation?

No two species in a community can occupy the same niche one species will survive & other will die out (interspecific competition for same resources) *experiments by Gause with 2 Paramecium specie s Explain the principle of competitive exclusion.

Construct a general pyramid of biomass and explain the reason for its structure. higher trophic levels – smaller biomass biomass is lost during respiration at each trophic level

nonlethal skin cancer- basal, squamous cell carcinoma lethal skin cancer- malignant melanoma mutation of DNA sunburn- enlarged blood vessels - red skin cataracts- clouded eye lense reduced biological productivity- kill plant cells (affects ability to photosynthesize) damage DNA growth cells Outline effects of ultraviolet radiation on living tissues & biological productivity.

Indicator Species: sensitive to environmental change Example: lichen- indicator of air quality; shows presence of lead/mercury in air Example: macroinvertebrates- judge of water quality *cleaner the water: higher the # of sensitive organisms Explain the use of an indicator species in monitoring environmental change.

Competition: for food supply (survival of fittest) Herbivory: eating of plants (producers) Predation: consumer (predator) eating another consumer (prey) Parasitism: parasite lives on/in host : host is harmed Mutualism: two species live together, both benefit from the relationship Explain the different interactions of organisms with those of other species.

Desert – temperature: mostly very hot; 140º F (60º C) during day; cold at night soil temperature: < 60º C low precipitation: < 30 cm per year vegetation: Cacti - water storage tissues, thick cuticles (to reduce water loss) Outline the characteristics of a DESERT biome.

CFCs causing ozone layer to become thinner!! In Stratosphere: CFCs breakdown to release chloride ions (Cl - ) Cl - react with ozone molecules (O 3 ) to produce ClO & oxygen (O 2 ) ClO joins with O 2 to form more O 2 & release Cl - Cl - now free to destroy another ozone molecule (start the cycle over ---- depletion of ozone) *Montreal protocol - phase out use of CFCs in: refrigerator coolants, aerosol propellants, foam packaging material Outline the effect of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer.

*Used if species cannot be kept in natural habitat, danger of extinction Captive breeding o artificial insemination o embryo transfer to surrogate mother o cryogenics: egg/sperm cells, embryos frozen for future use o human-raised young o keeping a pedigree to minimize inbreeding Botanical gardens – plants easy to keep in captivity Seed Banks – kept in cold, dark conditions: metabolism of seed slows down, prevents it from germinating (seeds stored for decades) What are some methods of ex situ conservation?

1.Map entire area of habitat 2.Determine size of quadrats 3.Place numbered grid over map 4.Choose which quadrats to sample using random number table 5.Count # of organism 1 in each sample quadrat 6.Count # of organism 2 in each sample quadrat 7.Calculate averages of organisms 1 & 2 8.Multiply average # of organism 1 by total # of quadrats on map to get estimate of # of organism 9.Repeat step 8 for organism 2 Describe one method of random sampling, based on quadrat methods, to compare population of 2 species.

. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Primary SuccessionSecondary Succession Begins with no life Follows disturbance of primary succession No/little soil Soil is present New area ex: volcanic island Old area ex: after forest fire Lichen/moss: first plants Seeds/roots already present Biomass: low Biomass: higher Low production (increase in biomass or energy) Higher production Extreme temp. changes Occurs faster

Economic Most nutrients in plants, not in soil Logging  nutrient-poor soil Sources of medicines, chemicals...could go extinct Ecotourism ($$) Ecological Loss of one species could affect others (interdependent) Diversity protects against invasive species Fewer plants  more CO 2 in atmosphere  global warming Soil erosion, flooding Ethical Affects local human populations Help them make a living from it while preserving it Ethical responsibility to conserve it for future generations Reduce human impact, increase education/awareness Aesthetic Ecotourism Boosts human well-being Inspiration for artists, writers, photographers,... Discuss reasons for the conservation of biodiversity.

1.Catch some of population and mark them 2.Release marked animals – allow to “mix” with others in population 3.Capture second sample of population – some will be marked, some unmarked Proportion of marked to unmarked in 2 nd sample = Proportion of originally marked to whole population # marked in 2 nd sample = # marked in 1 st sample total caught in 2 nd sample size of whole population Limitations: marks on animals may injure them/make them more visible to predators method assumes population is closed (no immigration/emigration) – this very rarely occurs Describe capture-mark-release-recapture method used to estimate population size of an animal species.