1. What is Ecology?

2. Organisms and Their Environment

3. What is Ecology?? The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.

4. Habitat & Niche Habitat Habitat is the place a plant of animal lives. Niche Niche is an organisms total way of life.

5. Biomes and Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance- An organisms ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions An organism has adaptations that make it well suited to live in a particular environment (biome).

6. 6 The Nonliving Environment Abiotic factorsthe nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life.

7. 7 The Living Environment Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.

8. 8

9. 9 Levels of Organization

10. 10 What are the Simplest Levels? Atom Atom Molecule Molecule Organelle Organelle Cell Cell Tissue Tissue Organ Organ System System

11. 11 Levels of Organization Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity.

12. 12 1 st Level of Organization Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops

13. 13 2 nd Level of Organization Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

14. 14 3 rd Level of Organization Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.

15. 15 4 th Level of Organization Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)

16. 16 5 th Level of Organization Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life.

17. 17 The Biosphere Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things.

18. 18

19. 19 Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids

20. 20 Energy Flow begins with the SUN 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight  C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

21. 21 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucoseChemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucoseENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plantsGlucose is stored as starch in plants

22. 22 Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS.

23. 23 Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves.

24. 24 Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live.

25. 25 CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose. 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + (ATP)energy

26. 26 The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy.

27. 27 Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS.

28. 28 Consumers that eat producers & other consumers Are called omnivores Are called omnivores Omnivores eat plants and animals Omnivores eat plants and animals

29. 29 Consumers that hunt & kill other consumers are called predators. The animals that are hunted & killed are called prey.

30. 30 Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers

31. 31 Consumers that eat producers to get energy: Are first order (1 st ) or primary consumers Are herbivores (plant-eaters)

32. 32 Most of the energy the primary consumer gets from the producer is used by the consumer.

33. 33 Some of the energy moves into the atmosphere as heat.

34. 34 Some energy in the primary consumer is STORED & not lost to the atmosphere or used by the consumer itself. This energy is available for another consumer (predator).

35. 35 A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy: Is called a secondary or 2nd order consumerIs called a secondary or 2nd order consumer May be a carnivore or an omnivoreMay be a carnivore or an omnivore May be a predatorMay be a predator May be a scavengerMay be a scavenger

36. 36 A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer: Is called a 3rd order or tertiary consumerIs called a 3rd order or tertiary consumer May be a carnivore or an omnivoreMay be a carnivore or an omnivore May be a predatorMay be a predator May be a scavengerMay be a scavenger

37. 37 The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.

38. 38 Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers

39. 39 Food Chains Show Available Energy

40. 40 More Food Chains

41. 41 Feeding Relationships Food Chain Food Chain – Simple Energy path through an ecosystem Food Web Food Web – More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food chains

42. 42 Food Webs: Are interconnected food chainsAre interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystemThey show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

43. 43 How Many Chains are in this web?

44. 44 Food Chain Producer ( trapped sunlight & stored food) 1 st order Consumer 2 nd Order Consumer 3 rd Order Consumer 4 th Order Consumer

45. 45 Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in this food chain:

46. 46 Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. Producers Always The First Trophic Level Always The First Trophic Level How Energy Enters The System How Energy Enters The SystemHerbivores Second Trophic Level Second Trophic Level

47. 47 Trophic Levels Carnivores/Omnivores: Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels Each level depends on the one below it for energy.

48. How Much Energy Is Available? Only 1% of the suns energy gets stored in the producers. Only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next level.

49. 49 Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID

50. 50 Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: May be: Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers

51. What’s Next? The next slides are just some examples of different pyramids.

52. 52

53. 53 Energy Pyramid

54. 54 Biomass Pyramid

55. 55 Pyramid of Numbers