Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates Do Now:  Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45  Differentiate between monomers and polymers

Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Inorganic versus Organic compounds

6 C Carbon Section 2-1 An Element in the Periodic Table H 1 Hydrogen +

Types of Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Functions –Readily available source of energy –Energy storage –Strong building materials Carbohydrates

Structure –Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen –Hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2:1 ratio –Can have a linear or a ring structure

Starch Glucose Section 2-3 Figure 2-13 A Starch

Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread

Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like Glucose

Iodine tests for Polysaccharides like starch

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of lipids. Do Now: Read “Lipids” pages 46 and 47 Give the functions of lipids

Lipids have several functions:  Long term energy storage  Make up cell membranes  Work as steroids

Structure of Lipids  Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids  Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen  Greater than 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of proteins. Do Now: Read “Proteins” on pages 47 and 48 Give ALL of the functions of proteins

Protein Functions Enzymes Hormones Makes up muscle tissue Transport materials

Protein Structure Made up of amino acids –Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined together –But there are only 20 different amino acids –The order you place them determine what protein you make

Protein Structure cont… Contain the elements: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

An Amino Acid

Building a protein from amino acids OH DESMOSOMES OH CH 2 C N H C H O HOH Peptide bond OH H H HH H H H H H H H H N N N N N SH Side chains SH OO OO O H2OH2O CH 2 C CCCCC C C C C Peptide bond Amino end (N-terminus) Backbone (a) Figure 5.18 (b) Carboxyl end (C-terminus)

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of nucleic acids. Do Now: Read “Nucleic Acids” on page 47 Give the function of nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are contain genetic information that is passed on to the next generation. There are two types: –DNA –RNA

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are made up of blocks called nucleotides Nucleotides have A: –Phosphate group –Sugar –Nitrogenous Base

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

Figure 16.3 The structure of a DNA stand

Figure 16.5 The double helix

TRANSCRIPTION RNA is transcribed from a DNA template. DNA RNA polymerase RNA transcript RNA PROCESSING In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript (pre- mRNA) is spliced and modified to produce mRNA, which moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Exon Poly-A RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Intron NUCLEUS Cap FORMATION OF INITIATION COMPLEX After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to the ribosome. CYTOPLASM mRNA Poly-A Growing polypeptide Ribosomal subunits Cap Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Amino acid tRNA AMINO ACID ACTIVATION Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP. Activated amino acid TRANSLATION A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome one codon at a time. (When completed, the polypeptide is released from the ribosome.) Anticodon A C C AAA U G G U U UA U G U A C E A Ribosome 1 Poly-A Codon

Figure 16.6 Base pairing in DNA

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of enzymes. Do Now: Read “Enzyme Action” on pages What do we call the area where the substrate fits?

Enzymes Catalysts can speed up or slow down a reaction Organic catalysts are called enzymes. Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic?

Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein. What do we call the small units that we put together to make proteins? Where would you place enzymes on your concept map? An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be reused again and again. Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse enzymes?

Enzymes Enzymes work on molecules called substrates The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active site Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific enzyme Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific?

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme Substrates Products Enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex 1 Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape so its active site embraces the substrates (induced fit). 2 Substrates held in active site by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. 3 Active site (and R groups of its amino acids) can lower E A and speed up a reaction by acting as a template for substrate orientation, stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state, providing a favorable microenvironment, participating directly in the catalytic reaction. 4 Substrates are Converted into Products. 5 Products are Released. 6 Active site Is available for two new substrate Mole. Figure 8.17

What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs? Temperature pH These two factors affect enzymes because they change its shape The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore