THE CIVIL WAR

FIRST SHOTS  March 1861-Pres. Lincoln takes office  7 states had already seceded  April 12, 1861-Shots at Fort Sumter in South Carolina  Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers 4 more states secede Confederate capital moved to Richmond, VA

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES  Population-22 million  2/3-nation’s manufacturing  ¾-nation’s railroads  Navy  2/3-nation’s farm land (food)  Great civilian leadership-Lincoln

SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES  Defensive War  Great military leadership  Accustom to riding horses & shooting guns  Possible Allies  “The Cause”

NORTHERN DISADVANTAGES  Offensive War  Poor military leadership  No allies

SOUTHERN DISADVANTAGES  Less people-9 million white/4 million slaves  Little manufacturing, food, & transportation  No navy  Poor civilian leadership-Davis

UNION STRATEGY  Blockade Most effective South-”Blockade Runners”  Capture Richmond Confederate Capital Hardest to accomplish  Control Mississippi River Split Confederacy Transportation

MAJOR CONCERN  Border States Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, & W. Virginia Would increase population of the Confederacy by 50% Gave the south manufacturing capabilities and raw materials

CIVIL LIBERTIES  Suspended some newspaper publication  Suspended voting in border states  Suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus Person could be arrested without being informed of the charges against them Held without trial

CONSCRIPTION/DRAFT  First in south Some sent slaves to fight  Outlawed due to deserting (north)  North Relaxed citizenship laws  Drafted immigrants right off the boat  Immigration rates fall Conscription Act (March 1863)  All men liable for military service  Avoid service by paying someone $300 to take your place  Opposition by poor laborers  Couldn’t pay price  Immigrants take jobs while gone  Riots in New York (July 1863)  Draft temporarily suspended

POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CHANGES  Politics Republican majority in Congress Cooperheads  Northern democrats wanted to let the south leave peacefully  Economy Need to finance the war  Sale of war bonds  Raised tariffs  Added excise taxes  First income tax National Banking System (1863)  Manage new tax money

POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CHANGES  Republican economic policies Morrill Tariff Act (1861)  Raised tariffs Homestead Act (1862)  Promoted settlement of west (Great Plains)  160 acres of land=live on land for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)  Encouraged states to use salve of Federal land to maintain agriculture and technology colleges Pacific Railway Act (1862)  Build transcontinental railroad through center part of country  Link California with eastern states

FOREIGN AFFAIRS  England Trent Affair  Confederate diplomats traveling to England on British ship, “Trent”  US ship stopped and detained the Confederates  British threatened war if they were not released  Lincoln released them  Public outcry  Diplomats went to England, but failed to gain alliance  France Napolean III sent French army to take over Mexico City (1863) Set up “puppet government” Violated the Monroe Doctrine William Seward (Sec. of State) threatened to march south French left-gave land back to Mexicans

WOMEN  Took jobs of the men at war  Volunteered in hospitals and aid societies to raise money/send supplies to soldiers  Permanent changes Field of nursing open to woman Revived Suffrage Movement

AFRICAN-AMERICANS  South Freed as the Union took over the South  North Took place of white men in jobs Military  Massachusetts 54 th Regiment  First African-American regiment  Led by white officers  Opened opportunity for more regiments  180,000 volunteered to serve