1. Chapter 11: The American Civil War
The Constitution in Jeopardy
(1861—1865)

2. I. Comparison of the North and South
North (Union)
Population
*22 m v. 9 m
Industry
*Textiles, iron, steel, guns
Railroads
*2x as many as South
Capital: $
Army & Navy
Functioning Govt
South (Confederacy)
Defensive War
*Own terrain, property
Military Leaders
*Jackson, Lee
Soldiers
Foreign Friends
* Britain & France

3. II. Lincoln and the Constitutional Issues of War
Clash of the War Powers
Article 1, Section 8 vs. Art II, Sec 2
Expansion of Presidential Powers
*Outline: Oath to defend…
Army volunteers w/o Congressional Approval
Ordered Blockade of Southern ports
Suspension Writ of Habeas Corpus in MD
Kentucky Under Martial Law
Suspended Freedom of Press/ Speech

4. III. A New Type of War Rifles/ Shells
1. Replaced musket as standard army weapon
2. Longer range, more accurate
3. Shells: explode on impact (v. cannon balls)
4. New weapons + old strategies = bloodbath

5. III. A New Type of War Railroads
1. Life line for supplies: troops, ammunition, etc
2. More mobility/ flexibility
3. Also able to cut
War of Attrition
1. “Total War”: one side inflicts continuous losses to wear down its strength… civilians too
2. North: waged successful w of a against South

6. IV. Military Aspects of the War
Northern Strategies
Anaconda Plan
* Blockade
Control Miss. R
* Split South
3. Seize Richmond
Southern Strategies
Defensive War
* Repel N. advances
Win Diplomatic Support Overseas
{Neither strategy successful}

7. IV. Military Aspects of the War
Battles of the Civil War [Chart]
Battle of Bull Run: Not a short war
Shiloh Church: Single bloodiest day
Monitor v. Merrimac: All fleets obsolete
Antietam: Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Gettysburg: Turning Point; Address
Battle of Vicksburg: Control of Mississippi R.
Sherman’s March to the Sea: War of Exhaustion

8. IV. Military Aspect of the War
Appomattox Court House
1. April 9, 1865: Lee Surrenders
2. Terms
* Officers: keep swords; soldiers: mules
* Generous truce: towards a peaceful resolution
3. Cost
* Bloodiest conflict: 600,000 dead
* Disease: poor nutrition, sanitation, infection
* “Laudable pus”
** Triumph of Nationalism over Sectionalism/States Rights

9. IV. Military Aspects of War
Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)
1. Lincoln & Slavery Issue
2. The Proclamation Itself: “Forever Free”
3. Effects
* South v. North
* British & French
** African American Soldiers

10. IV. Military Aspects
Effects of Proclamation : African American Soldiers *54th Massachusetts Infantry; Robert Shaw

11. V. The Home Front Daily Life 1. North
* Role of women, C.Barton, Red Cross
* Copperheads
* Draft Riots (July 1863)
2. South: Problems

12. V. The Home Front An Active Congress
* With S. Democrats out of Congress, Republicans had little opposition… Most active in history
1. Tariffs
2. Federal Income Tax
3. Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
4. Homestead Act (1862)
5. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

13. IV. Lincoln’s Assassination
* April 14, 1865… John Wilkes Booth… Later war crimes…