Chapters 10 and 14

Basic Information  Began in England in mid-1700’s  Spreads to other parts of Europe and eventually to the United States by the end of the 1800’s.  Occurs in two major phases First Industrial Revolution: advances in agriculture, mechanization of textile industry, steam power, etc. Second Industrial Revolution: advances in steel, chemicals, electricity, etc.

Why England??? Political stability following Glorious Revolution A tolerant society that allowed all groups to participate in the economy Population Growth =labor force and consumers Agricultural Revolution (cont. on next slide) Thriving cottage industry (domestic system) Enclosure Movement= individual initiative and increased productivity Strong economy due to banking and credit institutions A growing middle class that could invest in industry Thriving overseas trade Expertise with shipping and merchant activity Availability of natural resources (coal and iron)

Agricultural Revolution  Advances in agricultural technology helped to provide a growing population as well as new technologies that would increase productivity Crop Rotation increased yields Growth of different food crops New machines to improve efficiency  Higher population= larger work force  Mechanization of farm equipment cut back on the need for labor, which forced people to move to the cities in search of work

Textiles: the first major industry  Cottage Industries (domestic system) used for centuries  1700’s: new inventions to increase productivity of textile industry John Kay- flying shuttle James Hargreaves- spinning jenny Richard Arkwright- water frame  Textile manufacturing began to move out of the homes and into factories

Textiles: the first major industry  Increased demand for cotton British interest in India grew ○ India was the world’s leading producer of cotton in the early 1700’s “King Cotton” in the American South ○ Slavery expanded rapidly as southern states attempted to meet the growing demand for cotton

Steam: a new source of power  Originally, factories had to be located near a river for power  James Watt invented a steam engine

Iron Production  Originally, the process of smelting iron required hot ovens fueled by charcoal, but deforestation in England led to a shortage of charcoal  Abraham Darby discovered a process for using coal to smelt iron, which led to increased iron production

RailRoads  Increased iron production combined with the steam engine led to a boom in the railroad industry  1830, the first passenger railroad was opened in England  Railroads helped to create a boom in the economy Created jobs, sped up transportation

A Second Industrial Revolution  The late-1800’s ushered in advances in steel, electricity, transportation and communication Often known as the Second Industrial Revolution

Steel  In the late-1800’s, steel became the metal of choice for construction of buildings and ships Stronger and more durable than iron  1856: Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer Process for the manufacture of steel  William Siemens further improved the process for manufacturing high-quality steel

Electricity  1879: Thomas Edison invented the incandescent lamp (light bulb)  1881: the first electric power station was built in Great Britain  Electricity transformed the lives of people Factories had more power and could run after dark Nighttime activities became increasingly available

Communication  1830: Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse  1876: Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell  Motion pictures began to be created in the 1890’s

Transportation  By the end of the 1800’s, Europe had laid over 100,000 miles of RR track  Steamships and steam locomotives  Refrigerated cars aid in shipping of perishable goods  1885: internal combustion engine  1903: Orville and Wilbur Wright launched a successful flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Spread of Industrialization  Belgium began to industrialize It too had plentiful coal and iron deposits  German states quickly industrialized  France lagged behind due to political instability leading up to and during the French Revolution  Spain was slower to industrialize due to less advanced transportation systems  Russia also slow to industrialize due to lack of a significant middle class and underdeveloped transportation systems

Impact of Industrialization  Western Europe became extremely powerful in the world, began to dominate for the first time in world history  Urbanization  Poor conditions in cities  Family life changed as most members of the family went outside of the home to work (including women and children)  Child labor  Demand for government reform to aid workers and improve conditions  Harm to the environment Deforestation, pollution, depletion of natural resources (coal and iron deposits)