The Chemistry of Life- Macromolecules (Nutrients)

Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon. Organic Compounds Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.) form monomers  polymers (small molecules) (large molecules) These large molecules are called macromolecules or macronutrients. (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

Nutrients are needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. ______________ energybuilding blocks carbohydratesproteinslipids (fats)water vitamins minerals There are two types of nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutrients Macronutrients Micronutrients

. Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates: Contain the elements _____, _____, _____ monomer = _______________ diagram: (building block) function: ______________ CHO glucose ring or straight chain energy

Carbohydrates sugars and starches are the main source, come from plants, and provide energy for animals Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides) Complex Sugars (polysaccharides) There are 2 types of carbohydrates:

Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose (fruits), galactose (milk) “saccharide” means sugar prefix “mono” means one  monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule e.g. glucose straight chain ring form

Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) Disaccharides: maltose (beer, 2 glucose), lactose (milk, glucose + galactose), sucrose (table sugar, glucose + fructose) prefix “di” means two, disaccharides are made of two sugars single sugars combine to form double sugars

. Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________. Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes. All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream. it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell) starch glycogen monosaccharides (like glucose) Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides prefix “poly” means many, polysaccharides have many sugars cellulose

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates: Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Specific Function Nutrient Test 1. monosaccharide 1 glucosehoney direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells Benedict’s turns blue  orange when heated fructosefruit same as above

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source FunctionNutrient Test 2. disaccharide 2 sucrose table sugar enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars) Benedict’s turns blue  orange/red when heated lactosedairy products monosaccharides for energy

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source FunctionNutrient Test 3. polysaccharide 1000s starch grains potatoes rice digested into 1000s of monosaccharides for energy how plants store energy iodine makes it turn dark blue (looks black) glycogen liver muscle how animals store energy cellulosecell walls celery tough, insoluble no enzyme to break it down provides roughage to keep you regular ’s

. Proteins 2. Proteins contain the elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____) monomer = _______________ Diagram: (building block) functions: - to build and repair cell structures - involved in chemical activities of the cell as enzymes CHO amino acids (a.a.) NS

Proteins Structure: there are 20 amino acid building blocks making up proteins  polypeptides (long chains of amino acids) the order of the amino acid determines the type of protein this order is determined by the genes on your DNA the chains of amino acid are organized into folded arrangements or spirals, folded back on one another and also combined with other proteins each protein has a specific arrangement different from all other proteins Levels of Protein Structure each amino acid has two special groups: an amino group and a carboxyl group

. The Chemistry of Life - Proteins Proteins: All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream. Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins. 20 different aa’s essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s amino acids Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food. Your body can make these. contain all 8 essential a.a.’s don’t contain all 8 essential a.a.’s ex. animal proteins like meat, fish, eggs ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds, beans 8 12

Proteins Denaturation: this denaturation causes the protein to uncoil or change shape which affects its function The change can be temporary or permanent the shape of a protein can be altered by heat, radiation or change in pH

The Chemistry of Life - Proteins II. Proteins: Types of ProteinsExamplesSpecific FunctionNutrient Test 1. structural proteins muscles, bone, hair, skin insoluble proteins which make up all body parts Biuret turquoise  violet enzymesfound in saliva, gastric juice soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body 3. hormonestestosterone estrogen insulin adrenaline soluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells  regulate metabolism

. Lipids (Fats) 3. Lipids (Fats) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____ monomers = _______________ & ___________________ functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates 2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out 3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs 4. storage: long term energy storage 5. cell membrane: major component 6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins diagram: CHO glycerol3 fatty acids

The Chemistry of Life – Lipids (Fats) Types of LipidsCharacteristicsExamplesDangersNutrient Test 1. saturated solid at room temperature animal fat i.e. bacon, butter cholesterol arteriosclerosis (arteries harden) atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged) transluscence test 2. unsaturated liquid at room temperature plant fat e.x. olive oil obesity leads to heart attack All fats are digested into _______________________ before they can enter the body. glycerol & 3 fatty acids III. Lipids (Fats):

Laboratory Experiment Identifying Nutrients