1. Unit 1: Cellular Biology The Chemistry of Life (Nutrients)

2. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.)
Organic Compounds
Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon.
Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules.
(This is similar to bricks creating a wall.) 
form
monomers  polymers
(small molecules) (large molecules)
These large molecules are called macromolecules or macronutrients. (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) 

3. Nutrients Macronutrients Micronutrients
Nutrients are needed by all organisms for
1. __________ and 2. ______________
energy
building blocks
There are two types of nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients.
Macronutrients
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids (fats)
water
Micronutrients
vitamins
minerals

4. .
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates: Contain the elements _____, _____, _____
monomer = _______________ diagram:
(building block)
function: ______________ C H O
glucose ring or straight chain
energy

5. Carbohydrates Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides)
sugars and starches are the main source, come from plants, and provide energy for animals
There are 2 types of carbohydrates:
Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides)
Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)

6. Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose (fruits), galactose (milk)
“saccharide” means sugar
prefix “mono” means one  monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule
  e.g. glucose
straight chain ring form

7. Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)
Disaccharides: maltose (beer, 2 glucose), lactose (milk, glucose + galactose), sucrose (table sugar, glucose + fructose)
prefix “di” means two, disaccharides are made of two sugars
single sugars combine to form double sugars

8. Complex Carbohydrates.
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
prefix “poly” means many, polysaccharides have many sugars
Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________.
Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes.
All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream.
it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell)
starch
glycogen
cellulose
monosaccharides (like glucose) 8

9. Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units
The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
I. Carbohydrates:
Types of Carbohydrates
Diagram and Number of Units
Examples
Food Source
Specific Function
Nutrient Test
1. monosaccharide 1
glucose
honey
direct fuel
for the
mitochondria
in cells
Benedict’s turns blue  orange when heated
fructose
fruit
same as
above

10. Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units
The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
Diagram and Number of Units
Examples
Food Source
Function
Nutrient Test
2. disaccharide 2
sucrose
table sugar
enzymes break
disaccharides
into monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Benedict’s turns
blue  orange/red when heated
lactose
dairy products
monosaccharides
for energy

11. Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units
The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
Diagram and Number of Units
Examples
Food Source
Function
Nutrient Test
3. polysaccharide
1000s
starch
grains
potatoes rice
digested into
1000s of
monosaccharides
for energy
how plants store
energy
iodine makes it turn dark blue
(looks black)
glycogen
liver
muscle
how animals
store energy
cellulose
cell walls
celery
tough, insoluble
no enzyme to
break it down
provides roughage
to keep you
regular ’s

12. .
Proteins
2. Proteins contain the elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____)
monomer = _______________ Diagram:
(building block)
functions: - to build and repair cell structures
- involved in chemical activities of the cell as enzymes C H O N S
amino acids (a.a.) 12

13. Proteins
Structure:
there are 20 amino acid building blocks making up proteins  polypeptides (long chains of amino acids)
each amino acid has two special groups: an amino group and a carboxyl group
the order of the amino acid determines the type of protein
this order is determined by the genes on your DNA
the chains of amino acid are organized into folded arrangements or spirals, folded back on one another and also combined with other proteins
each protein has a specific arrangement different from all other proteins
Levels of Protein Structure

14. The Chemistry of Life - Proteins.
The Chemistry of Life - Proteins
Proteins:
All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream.
Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins.
20 different aa’s
essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s
amino acids 8 12
Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food.
Your body can
make these.
ex. animal proteins like meat, fish, eggs
don’t contain
all 8 essential
a.a.’s
ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds, beans
contain all 8
essential a.a.’s 14

15. Proteins Denaturation:
the shape of a protein can be altered by heat, radiation or change in pH
this denaturation causes the protein to uncoil or change shape which affects its function
The change can be temporary or permanent

16. The Chemistry of Life - Proteins
II. Proteins:
Types of Proteins
Examples
Specific Function
Nutrient Test
1. structural
proteins
muscles, bone, hair, skin
insoluble proteins which make up all body parts
Biuret
turquoise  violet
enzymes
found in saliva, gastric juice
soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body
3. hormones
testosterone
estrogen
insulin
adrenaline
soluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells  regulate metabolism

17. Lipids (Fats) 3. Lipids (Fats) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____
monomers = _______________ & ___________________
functions: energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates
2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out
3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs
4. storage: long term energy storage
5. cell membrane: major component
6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins
diagram: C H O
glycerol
3 fatty acids 17

18. The Chemistry of Life – Lipids (Fats)
III. Lipids (Fats):
Types of Lipids
Characteristics
Examples
Dangers
Nutrient Test
1. saturated
solid at room temperature
animal fat
i.e. bacon,
butter
cholesterol
arteriosclerosis
(arteries harden)
atherosclerosis
(arteries get
clogged)
transluscence test
2. unsaturated
liquid at room temperature
plant fat
e.x. olive
oil
obesity
leads to heart
attack
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
All fats are digested into _______________________ before they can enter the body.

19. Laboratory Experiment Identifying Nutrients

20. Important Information for the Lab
Today we will be doing some lab tests on foods to see if they contain carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and proteins.
Part 1: Monosaccharide Test  you have to heat it for the test to work
Part 3: Translucence Test  you have to let it dry for the test to work
*** Do NOT mix up the droppers from one beaker to another. You will ruin the results for everyone. You may end up putting a nutrient in a container that shouldn’t be there creating a false positive test. Do NOT cross contaminate the beakers. ***

21. Formal Lab Write Up
For this lab you will be handing in a formal lab report.
DUE DATE: Thursday September 30
Your lab will include the following parts:
Purpose: One for the whole lab, NOT for each part.
Observations: One table for each part of lab.
Discussion: Answer the discussion questions in full sentences.
Conclusion: Summarize the results of the lab in a short paragraph.

22. Homework
Answer questions # 1, 3 – 5, 15 (a, b) on page 35.