1. MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES

2. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon.
Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules.
(This is similar to bricks creating a wall.) 
MONOMERS
POLYMER
Join together to form a
These large molecules are called macromolecules:
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

3. BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW…
Carbon can make ____ bonds.
Oxygen can make ____ bonds.
Hydrogen can make ____ bond.
Nitrogen can make ____ bonds.

4. DRAWING STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
Carbon is usually in the middle (Carbon Backbone)
Each line you draw is a single bond and represents the sharing of two electrons
CH4 (methane)
C3H8 (propane)
CHCl3 (chlorophorm)
CH3OH (methanol)
C5H11OH (pentanol)
CH4N (methylamide)

5. NUTRIENTS Micronutrients Macronutrients
Nutrients are needed by all organisms for
1. __________ and 2. ______________
energy
building blocks
There are two types of nutrients:
Micronutrients
Macronutrients
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Minerals
Lipids (fats)
Water

6. Types of Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches are the main source which come from plants.
Main Function: Provide Energy
Contain the elements C, H, and O.
Types of Carbohydrates
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Complex Sugars
Polysaccharides

7. SIMPLE SUGAR (SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES)
Monosaccharide:
“saccharide” means sugar
prefix “mono” = one  monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule
  e.g. Glucose
straight chain ring form

8. SIMPLE SUGARS Glucose Galactose Fructose Eg. Honey Eg. Milk Eg. Fruit
The molecules are not flat. They are just drawn like that to make it easier to understand. In reality, they are 3-D structures.

9. MONOSACCHARIDES JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER MOLECULES
Condensation Reaction: Two molecules join together with the loss of a water molecule.
The bond created between two sugars is called a Glycosidic Linkage.

10. SIMPLE SUGAR (SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES)
Disaccharide:
“saccharide” means sugar
“di” means two. Therefore, Disaccharide = two sugars.
single sugars combine to form double sugars
Glucose + Glucose  Maltose
Eg. Beer
Glucose + Galactose  Lactose
Eg. Milk
Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose
Eg. Table Sugar

11. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Polysaccharides
prefix “poly” means many: polysaccharides have many sugars
Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________.
Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes.
All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream.
it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell)
starch
glycogen
cellulose
monosaccharides (like glucose) 11

12. POLYSACCHARIDES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUGARS.
Hydrolysis Reaction: Opposite of Condenation. The addition of water to separate two molecules.

13. Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units
The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
I. Carbohydrates:
Types of Carbohydrates
Diagram and Number of Units
Examples
Food Source
Specific Function
Nutrient Test
1. monosaccharide 1
glucose
honey
direct fuel
for the
mitochondria
in cells
Benedict’s changes blue  orange/red when heated
fructose
fruit
same as
above

14. Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units
The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
Diagram and Number of Units
Examples
Food Source
Specific
Function
Nutrient Test
2. disaccharide 2
sucrose
table sugar
enzymes break
disaccharides
into monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Benedict’s turns
blue  green/orangewhen heated
lactose
dairy products
monosaccharides
for energy

15. The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
Diagram and Number of Units
Examples
Food Source
Specific direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells
Function
Nutrient Test
3. polysaccharide
1000s
starch
grains
potatoes rice
digested into
1000s of
monosaccharides
for energy
how plants store
energy
Iodine changes to dark blue
(looks black)
glycogen
liver
muscle
how animals
store energy
cellulose
cell walls
celery
tough, insoluble
no enzyme to
break it down
provides roughage
to keep you
regular ’s