Organic molecules Biochemistry part 2

Acids and Bases Hydroxide Ion: OH⁻ Hydronium Ion: H₃O⁺

Acids Acids: the number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions Net + charge Hydrochloric Acid Citric acid Stomach acid Lemon juice

Bases Bases: the number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions Net negative charge Ammonia Baking soda Milk of magnesia Soap

Why are acids and bases important to living things? Organisms cannot live in acidic or basic environments They need to regulate acids and bases in their bodies

Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds: molecules that contain carbon Inorganic Compounds: molecules that usually do not contain carbon organic compounds

biological molecules 10:44 proteins Lipids:

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provides energy for cells Food examples: bread, candy, pasta, popcorn, vegetables

Monosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar molecule = C₆H₁₂O₆ Examples: Fructose (fruit sugar), glucose, galactose

Disaccharide: 2 sugars Disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Examples: Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)

Polysaccharide: many sugars Polysaccharide: complex sugar: many sugars in a long chain Examples: Glycogen, cellulose and starch

Proteins Proteins: organic compounds that provide structure and make enzymes Meat, eggs, beans, fish, cheese

Amino Acids The building blocks of proteins 20 are essential for life

Enzymes Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions Enzymes only work in normal living conditions

Enzymes enzymes2

Lipids Lipids: hydrophobic organic compounds that store energy and build cell membranes Oil, butter, cream, cheese

Fatty Acids Fatty Acids: long hydro-carbon chains that can be saturated with hydrogen atoms or not saturated with hydrogen atoms

Fatty Acids Cont… Saturated: straight hydrocarbon chains usually found in solid form butter, cheese, meat, eggs, milk, coconut oil

Fatty Acids Cont… Unsaturated: bent hydrocarbon chains usually found in liquid form oils, olives, avocados, fish oil

Lipids Triglycerides (FATS): 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol Food Examples: Butter, meat, cheese, oil

Phospholipids Phospholipids: two fatty acids attached to a glycerol Makes up cell membranes

Waxes Waxes: long fatty acid chain that protect and provide structure Examples: Plant leaves, ear wax

Steroids Steroids: lipids that make up hormones and cholesterol that helps in nerve function obesity

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: organic molecules that store and transfer information in cells Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): stores information Ribonucleic acid (RNA): transfers information from DNA to the cell Nucleotide: building blocks of DNA