Nutrition and Metabolism

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Catabolic Reactions – Larger Molecules are broken down into smaller molecules Energy in the form of ATP is released from broken bonds. Can do cellular work!!! Anabolic Reactions – Smaller Molecules are built up to become larger molecules Energy in the form of ATP is needed to create new bonds. Cellular Repair and Growth

Carbohydrates Primary Source is PLANTS!!!! Sugars (Mono and Disaccharides) – Fruits, Sugar Cane, Milk Lactose = Galactose and Glucose Maltose= Glucose and Glucose Sucrose = Fructose and Glucose Polysaccharide (Starch α and Cellulose β) – Starch: Grains, Legumes, Root Vegetables Polymer of glucose monomers – Cellulose: Vegetables

Proteins Complete Proteins – Animal Products All 20 amino acids Meat, Eggs, Milk Incomplete Proteins – Plant Products Less than 20 Amino Acids Legumes, Grains

Lipids Triglycerides – Saturated Single bonds, saturated in Hydrogen, fats Animal fats, some coconut or palm oils – Unsaturated (Mono and Poly Unsaturated) Double bonds, more energy, oils Plants oils: seeds, nuts, plants Cholesterol – Animal Products: Egg Yolk, Meats, Milk

Carbohydrate Metabolism Glucose = Blood Sugar – Maintenance of Blood Sugar is determined by the liver Catabolic Reaction: Cellular Respiration = Burn Sugar – Insulin removes glucose from the blood and helps it enter the cells for mitochondrial breakdown of sugar. – If too much insulin is released or blood sugar drops = hypoglycemia Anabolic Reaction: Glycogenesis = Build Glycogen – If too much glucose in blood, liver converts to glycogen then to fat if unused.

Protein Metabolism Amino Acids circulate in the blood and are used by the liver and cells for anabolic and catabolic purposes: – Anabolic Liver—makes Albumin, osmotic regulator Cells—use amino acids for cellular repair – Catabolic Make ATP (when carbohydrate and fats not available)

Lipid Metabolism Triglycerides: Glycerol + Fatty Acids – Anabolic Used to make plasma membranes, cover neurons – Catabolic Fat, broken down to acetic acid and are oxidized to acetoacetic acid and acetone = acidosis (ketosis) Cholesterol – Anabolic Build cell membranes and hormones.