1. BIOCHEMISTRY

2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
There are four groups of organic compounds found in living
organisms:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, & Proteins
They are referred to as: Macromolecules
They are composed of: Monomers = “single units”
Large molecules of monomers are called
Polymers = “many units”

3. Composition of Cells A. Cells are comprised of 90% water
B. Other molecules that make up the cell are:
a. Protein (5.0%)
b. Carbohydrates (1.5%)
c. Nucleic Acids (1.5%)
d. Lipids (1.0%)
e. Other (1.0%)

5. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
2 processes of making or breaking down organic compounds
1) Dehydration (Anabolic Reaction) –
Process where monomers of organic compounds are being put together to form polymers
Loss of water molecule occurs
2) Hydrolysis (Catabolic Reaction) –
Process where complex organic compounds are broken down into monomers
Water is consumed

6. CARBOHYDRATES A) Is a major source of: Energy
B) Referred to as: Sugars
C) Monomer – Glucose (C6H12O6) (basic building block)
D) 3 types of carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides
a) simple sugars, made up of 1 sugar
b) can be used to form more complex carbohydrates
- quick energy
- short-term energy
c) examples
1) Glucose- blood sugar used as fuel for plants & animals
2) Galactose- simple milk sugar
3) Fructose- fruit sugar

7. CARBOHYDRATES 2) Disaccharides – a) double sugars – 2 sugars
b) the joining of two simple sugars
c) it is considered a - complex carbohydrate
d) examples
1) Sucrose
table sugar: made from glucose-fructose
2) Lactose
milk sugar: made from glucose-galactose
3) Maltose
barley sugar: made from glucose-glucose

8. CARBOHYDRATES 3) Polysaccharides – a) many sugars
b) the form in which living things store excess sugar
long-term energy
c) 3 forms of polysaccharides
1) Starch - Most important
2) Glycogen - excess sugar stored in this molecule
animals store excess glucose
forms: fat molecules
3) Cellulose - major component of wood
found in: plants
forms: support system in stems: gives strength & rigidity

9. CARBOHYDRATES
Dehydration

10. LIPIDS A) Monomer 1) glycerol and 3 fatty acids
B) 3 roles in living organisms
1) Used to store energy
2) Form biological membranes
3) Insulation
C) Examples
1) Fats- solid at room temp
2) Oils- liquid at room temp
3) Waxes- solid at room temp

11. LIPIDS D) 2 types of fats in your diet 1) Saturated fat –
HARMFUL because it increases cholesterol in the body.
C-H bonds: has maximum number of hydrogen bonds
examples: butter, lard (Crisco) - solids
2) Unsaturated fat - less harmful
C=C double bonds: Won’t contain max # of H-bonds
examples: vegetable oils – liquid
E) Lipids produce more than twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates but the energy found in fat is much harder to obtain.

12. LIPIDS

13. CHOLESTEROL
1) important for building cell membranes, manufacturing hormones,
and carrying messages
2) 2 ways to obtain cholesterol
a) naturally made by the body in the liver
b) from eating foods with saturated fat.
3) can be harmful because cholesterol clogs your arteries
therefore makes your heart work harder

14. CHOLESTEROL 4) 2 types of cholesterol
a) HDL - High Density Lipoprotein - GOOD
-like a pipe cleaner, it cleans your arteries
b) LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein - BAD
-collects on the walls of your arteries and cause blockage
c) How can you live to maintain a healthy balance of HDL & LDL?
1) Exercise regularly
2) Maintain a healthy body weight
3) Limit amount of saturated fat intake
4) Increase amount of fiber you eat
5) Don’t smoke

15. Dehydration and Hydrolysis of Lipids

16. NUCLEIC ACIDS
A) Function is to carry out all the cellular activity in the body
B) 2 types of Nucleic Acids: made from monomers called nucleotides
1) DNA –
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
a) what it does-
- records and transmits genetic information
- directs protein synthesis
- especially enzyme production
b) where it is found-
in the nucleus only (it never leaves)

17. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2) RNA – Ribonucleic Acid a) what it does-
reads instructions from DNA & carries them out
b) where it is found-
in the nucleus and the cytoplasm

18. PROTEINS A) Essential for - growth & maintenance of cells
B) Function is to -
1) metabolic - carry out chemical reactions
2) pump small molecules in & out of cells
3) movement - gives cells the ability to move
4) aids in muscle growth
5) buffering – regulation of pH
6) defense – antibodies
7) co-ordination and control - hormones

19. PROTEINS C) Made up of smaller units called amino acids
1) important for human nutrition
- there are 20 of them
a.) essential
- body needs to ingest plant and animal proteins
- helps our body to manufacture the proteins we need
b.) non-essential
- our body can make them
D) Examples
1) Lipoproteins - help to form cell membranes
2) Keratin - is the strength in hair & fingernails
3) Insulin – stores excess sugar as glycogen
4) Glucagon – breaks down glycogen into glucose

20. PROTEINS: ENZYMES a) lowers the activation energy E) Enzymes –
1) help to speed up chemical reactions
a) lowers the activation energy

21. ENZYMES 2) Properties include: a) break things apart (catabolic)
b) put things together (anabolic)
c) are specific in their activity – catalyze only one specific reaction
d) not used up during reactions
e) is not changed during reaction
f) does not increase how much product is made

22. PROTEINS/ENZYMES 3) Enzymes are important because they
a) Regulate chemical pathways
b) Synthesize materials needed by cells
c) Release energy
d) Transfer information
4) Enzymes are involved in
a) Digestion
b) Respiration
c) Reproduction
d) Movement
e) Thought
f) Making of other enzymes

23. PROTEINS/ENZYMES 5) Enzymes are affected by Temperature
a) Increase in temperature will increase the rate at which the enzyme works
b) Decrease in temperature will decrease the rate at which the enzyme works
c) Extreme temperature will cause the enzyme to break apart & not function (denature)