1. Review of 2.2.3. Biochemistry

2. What IS hydrolysis?

3. Where does hydrolysis take place?

4. How does hydrolysis relate to energy?
When bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, energy is released

5. How does hydrolysis relate to monomers and polymers?
It breaks polymers INTO monomers
Proteins into
Amino acids
Carbs into
Monosaccharides
Lipids into
Glycerol and fatty acid chains
Nucleic acids into
Nucleotides

6. What IS dehydration synthesis?

7. Where does dehydration synthesis take place?

8. How does dehydration synthesis relate to energy?
Building these bonds REQUIRES energy!

9. How does dehydration synthesis relate to monomers and polymers?
It BUILDS monomers INTO polymers
Amino acids into
Proteins (muscles, skin, hair, blood cells, hormones)
Monosaccharides into
Polysaccharides (only in plants—we’re made of protein)
Glyerol and fatty acids chains into
Lipids (when we lay around and eat and watch tv)
Nucleotides into
DNA (so we can pass on our genes)

10. What are carbohydrates?

11. What are carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
“One sugar”
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Cannot be broken down further in digestive tract

12. What are carbohydrates?
Disaccharides
“Two sugars”
Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)
Break into monosaccharides

13. What are carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
“Many sugars”
Starch, glycogen and fiber
Break into monosaccharides

14. What are proteins?
VERY complex molecules, made of amino acids

15. Basic Structure of an amino acid
There are 20 different “R-groups” shown below (you do not need to memorize them.. Just recognize the structure of an amino acid

16. What are lipids?
Simple molecules, mostly carbon and hydrogen

17. What are lipids? Saturated are fully saturated (covered) with:
Hydrogen!
Saturated fats have no double bonds in the carbon chain
Solid at room temp
UNHEALTHY
Mostly from animals

18. What are lipids? Fatty acid chains can be added to glycerol
The example above only contains saturated fatty acid chains
The example above has an unsaturated fatty acid chain

19. What are lipids? Unsaturated have room for more: Hydrogen!
Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in the carbon chain
Liquid at room temp
HEALTHY
Mostly from vegetable sources

20. What are nucleic acids? The molecule of heredity! Examples include
DNA and RNA