PROTESTANT REFORMATION PROTESTANT REFORMATION

  “Reformers“, known as Protestants- objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, leadership and structure of the Roman Catholic Church  Effort to “reform” (change) the Catholic Church   Led to the creation of new Protestant churches What was the Reformation?

MANY REASONS INCLUDING: *RENAISSANCE *NATIONALISM *CHURCH ISSUES *INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS *BLACK DEATH (BUBONIC PLAGUE) Reasons For Reformation

*Paying Taxes that went to Rome *Church involved in too many non-religious matters *Church Officials leading life of luxury {elaborate palaces, extravagant clothing, etc…} *Priests acting immoral – womanizing, drinking *Some Priests lacking education *Selling of Indulgences UNHAPPY WITH CHURCH

MARTIN LUTHER *German monk - professor of theology *Very unhappy with the sale of indulgences *INDULGENCES - Pardon/Forgiveness for sins, sold by the Catholic Church to make money *Disputed the claim that salvation could be purchased with money

NINETY-FIVE THESES *October 31, Luther posted the 95 theses, which he had composed in Latin, on the door of the Castle Church of Wittenberg *95 Theses- was a list of complaints against the Catholic Church *Luther believed the Bible was the supreme authority and only God, not the Pope could grant pardon for sins *January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-Five Theses from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press

DIET OF WORMS April 18, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms in Germany – told to recant his writings Luther refused – results: *excommunicated and his writings were banned *Made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter *Permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence

WARTBURG CASTLE *Luther taken to WARTBURG CASTLE by Frederick III of Saxony for his own protection *While there Luther translated the New Testament into German *His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible – especially with the invention of the printing press

LUTHERANISM *LUTHER eventually returned to Wittenberg *His ideas spread and he gained many followers *He would start a new church – Christian but not Catholic – Lutheran *Helped the development of a standard version of the German language *Influenced the writing of an English translation of the Bible *His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches *His marriage set a model for the practice of allowing Protestant priests to marry

Others followed Luther and established their own religions They became known as Protestants – Christians who belonged to non- Catholic churches Examples: Anglican, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Wesleyan

CALVINISM *Another influential reformer, a Frenchman who wanted to reform the Church *1530 – Breaks away from the Catholic Church *1536 – flees to Switzerland *1541 – Protestants in Geneva ask Calvin to become their religious leader *PREDESTINATION - belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins

Calvin believed the ideal government was a Theocracy rule by religious leader When Protestants began being persecuted he fled to France In 1541 protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city There he ran a strict society of highly moral citizens

 King Henry VIII of England  Political struggle between Henry VIII and the Pope  Similar to Roman Catholic church except the King of England is the leader of the church, not the pope.  Priests can marry in the Anglican church The Anglican Church

Other Protestant Reformers

CATHOLIC REFORMATION *Response to the Protestant Reformation – in order to stop the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic church began their own counter reformation *Council of Trent – meeting of Cardinals to reform the Catholic

Changes made to the church at the Council of Trent: Banned the selling of indulgences Church’s interpretation of Bible was final Drew up the Index - Made up a list of prohibited books Christians needed faith and good works for salvation Goal – keep Catholics from converting to protestant churches

EFFECTS of REFORMATION *ENDED CHRISTIAN UNITY OF EUROPE *RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS *MONARCHS/NATIONS GAINED POWER *OVERALL STRENGTH OF CATHOLIC CHURCH DECLINED *PROGRESS IN EDUCATION & LITERACY *MANY JEWS FLED TO EASTERN EUROPE