1. The Reformation of Christianity

2. Reformers Call for Change  By the early 1500s, Renaissance ideas had caused many Europeans to view their lives with a more _______________. One area that some people thought needed improvement was _______________.  CRITICAL EYE  RELIGION

3. Reformers Call for Change  What was the Reformation?  A reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church.

4. Reformers Call for Change  What complaints did people have with church officials, such as priests, bishops, and even the pope?  They weren’t religious anymore  The pope was too involved with politics, neglecting his religious duties

5. Reformers Call for Change  How did the Roman Catholic Church become one of the richest institutions in Europe?  Because it didn’t have to pay taxes (tax exempt)

6. Reformers Call for Change  What were indulgences, and why did some people criticize selling of indulgences?  An indulgence was a document given by the pope that excuses a person from penalties for the sins that he or she had committed  It would reduce the time a person would spend in purgatory  Many Christians believed that by selling indulgences, the church was letting people buy their way into Heaven

7. Reformers Call for Change  What is purgatory?  In Catholic teachings, purgatory was a place where souls went to make up for their sins before they went to Heaven

8. Reformers Call for Change  What happened on October 31, 1517?  A priest named Martin Luther added his voice to the call for reform. He nailed a list of complaints to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany

9. Reformers Call for Change  What were the Ninety-Five Theses?  The list that Luther nailed to the door…there were 95 things that he thought the church should change

10. Reformers Call for Change  What was Pope Leo X’s response to Martin Luther’s complaints?  He called Luther a heretic and excommunicated him

11. Reformers Call for Change  What did Luther’s ideas eventually lead to?  A split in the church

12. Reformers Call for Change  Who were the Protestants? Who were the Lutherans?  The Protestants were those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church  Lutherans were those who followed Luther’s teachings specifically

13. Reformers Call for Change  What is the priesthood of all believers, and how did Luther disagree with this?  The priesthood of believers believed that they didn’t need a priest to talk directly to God for them…they could pray for themselves

14. Reformers Call for Change  What did Luther say people should follow – instead of priests and the pope?  The Bible

15. Reformers Call for Change  What did Luther do to help people understand how God wanted them to live?  He translated the New Testament into German  He also wrote pamphlets, essays, and songs about his ideas

16. Reformers Call for Change  How did the Lutheran Church become the dominant church in northern Germany?  Many German nobles (wealthy class) liked Luther’s ideas and supported his positions. They allowed many people to live on their lands who became Lutheran

17. Reformers Call for Change  Who was William Tyndale, what did he believe, and what happened to him when he translated the Bible into English?  He was an English reformer and professor, who thought that everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible – which went against the Catholic church  He was executed

18. Reformers Call for Change  What did John Calvin believe about people’s salvation?  Calvin believed that people were predestined – the idea that God knew who would be saved even before they were born

19. Reformers Call for Change  What did Calvinist leaders do in Geneva in 1541? What were Calvin’s hopes for Geneva?  Calvinist leaders in Geneva made Calvin their religious and political leader  Calvin hoped to make Geneva an example of a good Christian city

20. Reformers Call for Change  What did King Henry VIII ask the pope to do? When the pope refused, what was his response?  King Henry asked the pope to officially end his marriage – which was not allowed in Catholicism  When the pope refused, Henry declared himself the head of a new church, the Church of England, or Anglican Church

21. Reformers Call for Change  Why was the creation of the Church of England a significant event?  It opened the door for other Protestant beliefs to take hold in England

22. The Catholic Reformation  What was the Catholic Reformation?  The Catholic Reformation was an effort to stop the spread of Protestantism and to reform the Catholic Church from within

23. The Catholic Reformation  What did Spain do in response to the Reformation?  They punished all Muslim, Jewish, and Protestant believers to the point that the Catholic Church had no opposition

24. The Catholic Reformation  What did Saint Ignatius of Loyola found?  The Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits

25. The Catholic Reformation  Who were the Jesuits and what was their goal?  The Jesuits were a religious order created to serve the pope and the church  They were trained to be disciplined as solders in their religious duties  They hoped to turn people against Protestantism

26. The Catholic Reformation  Why was the Council of Trent important, and what were the results?  Catholic clergy met (in Trent, Italy) to debate and reform Catholic teachings. Decisions made at the council led to major reforms in the church  The council officially rejected the ideas of the Protestant leaders  A list of “dangerous” books was created – if you were caught reading those books you would be excommunicated from the church

27. The Catholic Reformation  How did Catholic teachings spread around the world?  Catholic missionaries, many of them Jesuits, traveled around the world to spread Catholicism – baptizing millions

28. The Catholic Reformation  What did Saint Francis Xavier accomplish in his missionary work?  He brought Catholicism into parts of India and Japan in the mid-1500s