1. Protestant and counter reformation

2. Protestant Reformation: Causes
The Great Schism
Church Corruption
Sale of Indulgences
Luther’s 95 Theses
Gutenberg’s Printing Press

3. Protestant Reformation: Effects
Ended religious unity in Europe
New Churches were founded based on the teachings of reformers such as Luther and Calvin.
Sparked a century of religious wars between Catholics and Protestants, including the 30 Years’ War.
Led to economic growth in northern Europe.

4. Characteristics of Protestant Reformation
German princes stop sending money to the Pope in Italy.
Lutheran Church: special priests not needed as each person engages in own interpretation of the Bible.
New Testament translated into the vernacular German.
Church lands seized and monasteries closed.
Led to increase in the power of secular authorities – Henry VIII of England.

5. Other Reformers
John Calvin - People are sinful by nature ideal government is a theocracy.
Anabaptists - Only adults baptized church and state separate.
Catholic Reformers - Church interpretation of Bible is final need faith and good works to be saved.

6. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Elements of Dissent Within the Catholic Church
Critics claim church leaders are corrupt and extravagant
Rulers resent papal interference in political affairs
Middle classes resent paying church taxes
Poorly educated lower clergy were guilty of breaking vows
Selling of indulgences is seen as an abuse
Authority of church leaders is questioned; Bible is seen as higher authority

7. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Protestant Reformation
Only faith was necessary for salvation
Service in vernacular languages (not Latin)
Papal authority rejected
Clergy may marry after Papal authority rejected
Church properties seized
Lay church leaders
Strict Calvinist teachings
Proliferation of many Christian sects

8. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Creation of Jesuit order
Missionary work among non-Christians/Protestants
Inquisition punishes heresy
Index of forbidden books
Church interpretation of Bible final
Both faith and good works necessary for salvation
Bible and church traditions equally valid authorities

9. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Long-Term Results of the Reformation
Protestant churches continued to flourish
Religion no longer united Europe
The Catholic Church’s power declined
Individual monarchs and nation states gained power
Separation of church and state was accepted
Secular ideas spread throughout Western world

10. Effect in The Renaissance
Art celebrates individual and personal expression
Merchants sponsor artists and pay to beautify city
Rulers sponsor artists and philosophers
Political, social, and artistic theories spread

11. Effect in Reformation Individuals interpret Bible for themselves
German merchants resent flow of money to Church in Rome
Rulers defy pope and become Protestant
Luther’s 95 Theses spread; Bible printed in vernacular languages, so more people have access

12. European Renaissance and Reformation
Social Change
Growing emphasis on individual
Growing prosperity of merchants
Decline of feudalism and growing power of princes and kings
Printing press and spread of learning

13. Elizabeth I Ruled England from 1558 to 1603
Maintained a moderate form of Protestantism in England that helped sooth tensions between English Protestants and Catholics
Won the loyalty and affection of her subjects
Defended English from attacks by Catholic Spain

14. Printing Press Permitted the mass production of printed books
Encouraged the spread of new ideas
Aided the spread of literacy