Crabby Grammy Parts of Speech

Nouns

A noun names:  A person: hero, liar, Kajala  A place: bedroom, top, Mashoes  A thing: ah, yes, a thing

Subcategories of Things  Living: narwhal, rose, amoeba  Nonliving: bed, iPod, boat  Ideas: liberty, capitalism  Actions: construction, terrorism  Conditions: satisfaction, illness  Qualities: kindness, intelligence

Common vs. Proper Nouns  Common Noun: the name of a general person, place, or thing. man, village, car  Proper Noun: the name of a particular person, place, or thing. Mozart, Wanchese, Altima Note: Capitalize proper nouns.

Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns  Concrete noun: the name of an object that can be detected by any of the five senses. stone, heat, melody, aroma, nutria  Abstract noun: the name of an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. attitude, loyalty, love, temperature

Collective Noun  Collective noun: A noun that is singular in form but names a group. flock, club, committee, band, herd Note: Collective nouns take singular verbs when every member acts together, plural nouns when they act separately.

Plural Nouns  Most nouns form their plurals by adding –s or -es: dog, dogs  Some nouns have irregular plurals: alumnus, alumni church, churches child, children

Possessive Nouns  Most nouns show possession by adding ’s, even some plural nouns: Singular  the man’s junk  the cat’s head  Mr. Jones’s car Plural  the children’s books  the oxen’s stalls  the women’s hats

Possessive Nouns  Nouns show possession by adding an apostrophe alone only when they: 1) Are plural, and 2) End in -s  Examples: the narwhals’ horns the chefs’ knives the witches’ warts Note: possessive nouns act as adjectives in a sentence.

Compound Nouns  Compound nouns are made up of more than one word. They can be composed by using: Separate Words:  coffee table, bird dog Note: check a dictionary to see if the word is a compound noun, or just a noun with an adjective. Hyphenated Words:  daughter-in-law Combined Words:  Dreamland, porthole

Gerunds  Sometimes, a word that looks like a verb actually acts as a noun. These words are called gerunds, and they end in –ing: Swimming is great exercise. Ms. Ho loves knitting. The twins’ constant fighting gets old.

Uses of Nouns  Nouns can serve several functions: Subject: Joe hated his car. Direct Object: He crushed my hopes. Indirect Object: He gave Jill a box. Object of a Preposition: They trusted in her honesty. Predicate Nominative: He is king. Appositive: The killer, a clown, is on the loose.

Labeling Drills— Nouns Label every noun in the following sentences.

Sentence 1 A.Kajala sat on a stool in his kitchen clipping his toenails. B.The clippings fell into a pot on the floor under his stool. NN NN NN NN

Sentence 2 A.Hunger took Kajala’s mind off clipping his nails. B.Macaroni and cheese with pickles sounded like a winner. NN NN NN N N

Sentence 3 A.Humming a tune, he carried the pot of nails to the sink. B.He filled the pot with water and set it on the stove until boiling began. N NNN NN N N

Sentence 4 A.He dumped a box of macaroni into the water with a splash. B.Butter, milk, and cheese powder were the ingredients. N N NN N N NN

Sentence 5 A.With the first bite, morsels of toenail scraped his teeth. B.The mass of food dropped from his mouth to the floor. N N NN NN NN

Parts of Speech Pronouns

Subject Pronouns Subject pronouns act as subjects of verbs or predicate nominatives.

Subject Pronouns SingPlural 1 st person Iwe 2 nd person you 3 rd person he/she/itthey

Sentence 1 A.He is the worst pitcher. B.Why do they laugh at me? Sub. Subject Pronouns

Sentence 2 A.Bob doesn’t think that she can. B.How do you make cereal? Sub. Subject Pronouns

Sentence 3 A.Make sure that he eats his bluefish. B.She is in love with the Goat Man. Sub. Subject Pronouns

Sentence 4 A.They hope to beat the blue thing. B.Where did he leave his popsicle? Sub. Subject Pronouns

Sentence 5 A.We can dance all through the night. B.It cannot destroy the bases! Sub. Subject Pronouns

Sentence 6 A.The real winner is he. B.The killers are we. Sub. Subject Pronouns

Object Pronouns Object pronouns act as objects of verbs or objects of prepositions.

Object Pronouns SingPlural 1 st person meus 2 nd person you 3 rd person him/her/itthem

Sentence 1 A.Sally gave him a jar of bees. B.Why does the Goat Man hate me so? Obj. Object Pronouns

Sentence 2 A.The platypus was sarcastic to her. B.Don’t poke it with a stick! Obj. Object Pronouns

Sentence 3 A.The singing cow gave us an idea. B.The whole team is against you. Obj. Object Pronouns

Sentence 4 A.Did Tracy give me this pancake? B.What is the matter with him? Obj. Object Pronouns

Sentence 5 A.The birds can’t tell us how to live. B.The narwhal mourned her all year long. Obj. Object Pronouns

Sentence 6 A.Please let the skunks spray you with fluid. B.The umbrella protected them from the gulls. Obj. Object Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns show possession.

Possessive Pronouns SingPlural 1 st person myour 2 nd person your 3 rd person his/her/itstheir Remember: these forms of possessive pronouns act as adjectives in a sentence.

Possessive Pronouns SingPlural 1 st person mineours 2 nd person yours 3 rd person his/hers/itstheirs Remember: these forms of possessive pronouns stand alone and do not describe something else.

Sentence 1 A.Never take your phone out in class. B.His grill shines and sparkles in the sunlight. Pos. Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 2 A.What are you doing with my cowbell? B.Dr. Ho adjusted their restraints. Pos. Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 3 A.I wonder what happened to our pies. B.Your skunks are licking the front door. Pos. Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 4 A.Her mascara is running in the rain. B.Do you like my orange pants? Pos. Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 5 A.I can’t stand his funny smell. B.I drink your milkshake! Pos. Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 6 A.She wears her shirt backwards on Mondays. B.The dog buried its bone. Pos. Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns demonstrate, or point, at specific nouns.

Demonstrative Pronouns SingPlural Herethisthese Therethatthose Remember: demonstrative pronouns can also act as adjectives in a sentence.

Sentence 1 A.Do you want this or the bowl of jam and cheese? B.Those were the days, my friend. Dem. Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 2 A.I kind of resent that. B.These cannot be my potatoes. Dem. Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 3 A.That is the blue thing. B.What is this between my toes? Dem. Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 4 A.I will squash those; you squash the crickets. B.We need clean diapers, so we cannot possibly accept these. Dem. Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 5 A.Is this the end of Nite Owl? B.You cannot ever say that to anybody else. Dem. Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 6 A.I like the friendly monkeys, because those laughed at me. B.When do these go in the oven? Dem. Demonstrative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns interrogate, or ask questions.

Interrogative Pronouns who? whom? whose? which? what? Remember: interrogative pronouns can also act as adjectives in a sentence.

Sentence 1 A.What do you mean by that look? B.Who is that man with the toilet paper? Interrogative Pronouns Inter.

Sentence 2 A.Whose is that over there? B.Whatever could have caused this mess? Interrogative Pronouns Inter.

Sentence 3 A.To whom are you speaking? B.Which of the doors did the skunk lick? Interrogative Pronouns Inter.

Sentence 4 A.Who will eat the salty popsicle? B.What is the reason for the clown’s murderous ways? Interrogative Pronouns Inter.

Sentence 5 A.Who must now cater to the blue thing? B.Which of the shoes is large enough for Verberinchulina? Interrogative Pronouns Inter.

Sentence 6 A.To whom should we give the dog cheese? B.Who can kill all the kittens? Interrogative Pronouns Inter.

Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns begin relative clauses.

Relative Pronouns base form+ever whowhoever whomwhomever whose— whichwhichever whatwhatever that— Remember: “that” is demonstrative when it points, relative when it introduces a relative clause.

Sentence 1 A.The man who hit Jim ran away. B.There is the dog that growls. Relative Pronouns Rel.

Sentence 2 A.Was that the girl to whom you gave your brush? B.Do you know whose tweezers these are? Relative Pronouns Rel.

Sentence 3 A.This is the the dog that gives the most milk. B.Kajala’s car, which doesn’t run, sat in his driveway on blocks. Relative Pronouns Rel.

Sentence 4 A.Who is the woman whose door was licked by skunks? B.Grogan is the man to whom was given the cow hoof. Relative Pronouns Rel.

Sentence 5 A.Zebraman is the only one who can save us now. B.Tell Deebra which possum you love the most. Relative Pronouns Rel.

Sentence 6 A.Goat Man’s house, which appears vacant, is haunted. B.Feng Ying, whose hands have been severed, weeps and moans. Relative Pronouns Rel.

Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns reflect back to the subject of the sentence.

Reflexive Pronouns SingPlural 1 st person myselfourselves 2 nd person yourselfyourselves 3 rd person himself herself itself themselves

Sentence 1 A.The marmot bit itself accidentally. B.Beefma secretly adores herself. Reflexive Pronouns Ref.

Sentence 2 A.Pete rewards himself whenever he slobbers. B.We can blame ourselves for the toxic stench. Reflexive Pronouns Ref.

Sentence 3 A.You make yourself a bad dog head. B.The narwhal amused itself by spearing seals. Reflexive Pronouns Ref.

Sentence 4 A.Rani tickles herself and giggles for hours. B.Twing the space baby teleported himself to earth. Reflexive Pronouns Ref.

Sentence 5 A.The blue thing spun itself on an axis of its own making. B.You delude yourself if you believe you can stomp me. Reflexive Pronouns Ref.

Sentence 6 A.I hurt myself on the spinning razor toy. B.We congratulate ourselves on our perspicacity. Reflexive Pronouns Ref.

Intensive Pronouns Intensive pronouns intensify, or add emphasis to, another noun/pronoun in the sentence.

Intensive Pronouns SingPlural 1 st person myselfourselves 2 nd person yourselfyourselves 3 rd person himself herself itself themselves

Sentence 1 A.You yourself must drown the weasel. B.We ourselves have caused this vomiting. Intensive Pronouns Int.

Sentence 2 A.It is he himself who must wash the muffins. B.The door was actually licked by the skunk itself. Int. Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 3 A.Verberinchulina herself baked the file inside the cake. B.The stench came from the possums themselves. Int. Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 4 A.The champion of the moles was Kajala himself. B.I myself do not understand why the winter comes. Int. Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 5 A.The true loser of Guitar Hero is you yourself. B.They themselves must come to the hoedown. Int. Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 6 A.Beefma herself lifted the boulder off the dog’s leg. B.We ourselves must conform to the general consensus. Int. Intensive Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does.

Singular Indefinite Pronouns Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs:  Everything is twisting and twirling.  Much is still unknown to Zebraman.  Each walks in the direction he prefers. Remember: these singular indefinite pronouns can also function as adjectives: another, each, either, little, much, neither, one.

Singular Indefinite Pronouns anybodyeverybodynobodysomebody anyoneeveryoneno onesomeone anythingeverythingnothingsomething eithermuchothereach neitherlittleanotherone Remember: the singular indefinite pronouns below can also function as adjectives.

Plural Indefinite Pronouns Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs:  Many try, but few succeed.  Several lick the door every night.  Both wear ugly shoes to church.

Plural Indefinite Pronouns both few many others several Remember: the following plural indefinite pronouns can also function as adjectives: both, few, many, and several.

Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns A singular or plural indefinite pronoun takes a singular verb when the object of the preposition following it is singular and a plural verb when the object is plural:  Most of the boys hate marmots.  Most of the world hates you.  All of the powder is on the wall.  All of the skunks are at the door.

Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns all any more most none some

Sentence 1 A.Either of the clowns could have killed the grain dealer. B.Most of the ducks prefer spaghetti. Indefinite Pronouns Ind.

Sentence 2 A.I believe that several have already fallen out. B.Can somebody please set my leg on fire? Indefinite Pronouns Ind.

Sentence 3 A.More than you think have touched the blue thing. B.Both of the monkeys were flinging poo. Indefinite Pronouns Ind.

Sentence 4 A.Grogan didn’t eat any of the dog cheese. B.Ms. Ho felt that much was left unsaid at dinner. Indefinite Pronouns Ind.

Sentence 5 A.After the flood, everybody craved McNuggets. B.Some of the snakes hid under the bed. Indefinite Pronouns Ind.

Sentence 6 A.Smething feels velvety in here. B.In this world, few actually maintain their integrity. Indefinite Pronouns Ind.

Parts of Speech Adjectives

Adjective A word that modifies a noun or pronoun.

Functions of Adjectives  Adjectives answer three questions: Which one? What kind of? How much/many?

Functions of Adjectives  Adjectives answer the question—Which?: That dog bit Kajala’s thumb.  Which dog bit Kajala’s thumb? That These popsicles don’t grow on bushes.  Which popsicles don’t grow on bushes? These Goat Man ate those children.  Which children did Goat Man eat? those

Functions of Adjectives  Adjectives answer the question—What kind of?: Kajala bought a gangrenous monkey.  What kind of monkey did Kajala buy? gangrenous His bloody nose caused Tor to pass out.  What kind of nose caused Tor to pass out? bloody Goat Man gave Cronver a severe beating.  What kind of beating did Goat Man give Cronver? severe

Functions of Adjectives  Adjectives answer the question—How much/many?: Ms. Ho has two daddies.  How many daddies does Ms. Ho have? two Feng Ying wept many tears over his lost hands.  How many tears did Feng Ying weep? many Toneeka kept seventeen nutrias as livestock.  How many nutrias did Toneeka keep? seventeen

Articles are Adjectives  The articles a, an, and the are adjectives. A and an are indefinite articles, referring to any of a class of nouns:  A trout bit me. The is the definite article, referring to a specific noun:  I slaughtered the weasels.

Proper Adjectives  Adjectives formed from proper nouns are proper adjectives, and are also capitalized: The Georgian ambassador objected. The Democratic candidate held a fund- raiser.

Compound Adjectives  Adjectives can be made up of more than one word, hyphenated or combined: Kajala feared a long-term commitment. The basilisk is a cold-blooded animal.

Predicate Adjectives  Usually, adjectives come before the noun or pronoun that they modify. Sometimes, though, they appear after a subject and a linking verb, referring back to the subject: Cronver was extremely unattractive. She seemed rather nauseated.

Nouns as Adjectives  Nouns can function as adjectives: Rani’s baby daddy won’t pay child support.  “Baby” is acting as an adjective, describing “daddy.” It answers “What kind of daddy?” Speed Racer drove his race car to Paris.  “Race” is acting as an adjective, describing “car.” It answers “What kind of car?” We killed Poleevra’s kittens yesterday.  “Poleevra’s” is acting as an adjective, describing “kittens.” It answers “What kind of kittens?”

Possessive Pronouns as Adjectives  Possessive Pronouns can function as adjectives: Zebraman polished his Zebracycle.  “his” is acting as an adjective, describing “Zebracycle.” It answers “What kind of Zebracycle?” Toneeka put bubble gum in her hair.  “her” is acting as an adjective, describing “hair.” It answers “What kind of hair?” Beefma and Karkarala burned their chickens.  “their” is acting as an adjective, describing “chickens.” It answers “What kind of chickens?”

Demonstrative Pronouns as Adjectives  Demonstrative Pronouns can function as adjectives: You cannot eat that fish.  “that” is acting as an adjective, describing “fish.” It answers “Which fish?” Verberinchulina smashed this cup.  “this” is acting as an adjective, describing “cup.” It answers “Which cup?” Cronver washed those snakes.  “those” is acting as an adjective, describing “snakes.” It answers “Which snakes?”

Interrogative Pronouns as Adjectives  Interrogative Pronouns can function as adjectives: Which eyeball will you lick?  “which” is acting as an adjective, describing “eyeball.” What answer did she give you?  “what” is acting as an adjective, describing “answer.” Whose feet smell like Fritos?  “whose” is acting as an adjective, describing “feet.”

Indefinite Pronouns as Adjectives  Indefinite Pronouns can function as adjectives: Goat Man begged for another chance.  “another” is acting as an adjective, describing “chance.” It answers “What kind of chance?” Birbulas would eat neither kidney.  “neither” is acting as an adjective, describing “kidney.” It answers “Which kidney?” Kajala found many ticks on his ankle.  “many” is acting as an adjective, describing “ticks.” It answers “How many ticks?”

Verbs as Adjectives  Verbs can function as adjectives; they are called participles, and they end in –ing or -ed: Grogan dropped a rock on the swimming dog.  “swimming” is acting as an adjective, describing “dog.” It answers “What kind of dog?” The weeping man blew a nose bubble.  “weeping” is acting as an adjective, describing “man.” It answers “What kind of man?” Flanarco taunted the exhausted boy.  “exhausted” is acting as an adjective, describing “boy.” It answers “What kind of boy?”

Phrases as Adjectives  Prepositional phrases can function as adjectives: The man with the huge tumor kissed me.  “with the huge tumor” is a prepositional phrase. It answers “Which man?” Weenie gave Tor a penny for his thoughts.  “for his thoughts” is a prepositional phrase. It answers “Which penny?” Grogan’s mother is a species of lemur.  “of lemur” is a prepositional phrase. It answers “What kind of species?”

Clauses as Adjectives  Relative clauses can function as adjectives: The skunk that licked your door stinks.  “that licked your door” is a relative clause. It answers “What kind of skunk?” A man who has no eels is a poor man indeed.  “who has no eels” is a relative clause. It answers “What kind of man?” The gloves which I wore were made of squirrel fur.  “which I wore” is a relative clause. It answers “What kind of gloves?”

Adjective Drills For each of the following sentences, identify the adjective and the word that the adjective is modifying.

Sentence 1 A.A wicked spider monkey bit the donkey’s eye. B.Poleevra threw the pretzel in the tingle bucket. Adjectives NAdj N N N

Sentence 2 A.Feng Ying angrily demands a cheese sandwich. B.Zebraman wore his cape of delightful flavors. Adjectives NAdj N N

Sentence 3 A.The Great Tower of Pudding is falling! B.Why do the groundhogs eat Zero bars? Adjectives NAdj N (Adj—phrase) AdjN

Sentence 4 A.Never make faces at the blue thing. B.Seven skunks licked my door. Adjectives N Adj N N

Sentence 5 A.Ms. Ho poked the pumpkin with an oyster knife. B.Where did my Deebra put the toe scissors? Adjectives NAdj N N N

Sentence 6 A.Grogan, bring me a new pork chop. B.The frenzied birds are pecking my eyes! Adjectives N Adj N N

Sentence 7 A.I’m choking on the Chinese rat bone. B.Zebraman can dissolve some lesser metals with his eyes. Adjectives N Adj N N

Sentence 8 A.Walking by the Charm Store made Peter feel nauseated. B.The ten blue crabs crawled up the pole. Adjectives NAdj N N N

Parts of Speech Verbs

Verb A word or group of words that shows action, being, or links a subject to a subject complement.

Types of Verbs  Action Verb: shows action. Tom walks the dog.  Linking Verb: shows being or links a subject with a subject complement. Tom is a strong man.

Action Verbs  Action Verbs tell what action someone or something is performing. Often, this action will be obvious.  Tor fought Trogdor. Other times, there is very little action in the action verb.  Weenie pondered the implications of his comment.

Linking Verbs  Linking Verbs connect the subject of a sentence with a word after the linking verb. The word that it connects to the subject can be a noun (predicate nominative).  Feng Ying is the first handless president. The word that it connects to the subject can also be an adjective (predicate adjective).  Karkarala feels rather sick.

Linking Verbs  The most common linking verb is “to be.” The most common forms of “to be” are”  am  are  is  was  were

Linking Verbs  The sense verbs are also linking verbs, but they all have action verb forms as well. To look  Linking: You look very nice today.  Action: Beefma looks angrily at Verberinchulina. To sound  Linking: The kittens sound mournful as they die.  Action: Cronver sounds the gong for breakfast. To feel  Linking: Ms. Ho. feels terrible about the accident.  Action: Su-Lin feels the silky fur of the nutria.

Linking Verbs  The sense verbs can also be linking verbs: To smell To taste To feel To look To sound

Linking Verbs  The sense verbs can be linking verbs, but they all have action verb forms as well. To smell  Linking: Ms. Ho smells really funky.  Action: Kajala smells the dumpster juice. To taste  Linking: This ice cream tastes salty.  Action: Feng Ying tastes the octopus taco.

Linking Verbs  Other common linking verbs include: become remain seem  These linking verbs also have action forms: appear grow stay turn

Linking Verbs  These linking verbs have action verb forms as well. To appear  Linking: Rani appears upset about the clown killing.  Action: Connie appears on Gossip Girls. To grow  Linking: I grow weary of your whining.  Action: Karkarala grows okra in his bedroom. To turn  Linking: Beefma turned red after the insult.  Action: Turn the car before we drive into the swamp.

Predicate Nominatives  When a linking verb is followed by a noun that refers back to the subject, that noun is called a predicate nominative. Kajala is a good neighbor. Verberinchulina was the leader of our militia. Who will be the next president?

Predicate Adjectives  When a linking verb is followed by an adjective that refers back to the subject, that adjective is called a predicate adjective. The skunk seems upset about the door. Does Goat Man become insane in the night? Grogan should have been satisfied with the dog cheese.

Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs  Transitive: an action verb that acts on a direct object. Answers What? or Whom? Tom walked the dog. (walked what? The dog.)  Intransitive: an action verb that does not act on a direct object. Tom walked yesterday. (there is no answer to What? or Whom?) When? Where? How? do not count.

Voice: Active vs. Passive Verbs  Active Voice: an action verb that shows the subject acting. Johnson discussed the problem.  Passive Voice: an action verb that shows the subject being acted upon. The problem was discussed by Johnson.  Generally, using active voice makes your writing stronger.

Four Principal Parts of the Verb  Infinitive: to do, to go, to think, to dream  Present Participle: doing, going, thinking, dreaming  Past: did, went, thought, dreamed  Past Participle: done, gone, thought, dreamed

Regular and Irregular Verbs  Regular Verbs: begin with the infinitive, add –ing to make the present participle, and add –d or –ed to make the past and past participle. infinitive present participlepast past participle to workworkingworked to spillspillingspilled

Regular and Irregular Verbs  Irregular Verbs: do not follow the regular pattern. They have parts that are unique. infinitive present participlepast past participle to shrinkshrinkingshrankshrunk to ringringingrangrung to breakbreakingbrokebroken to writewritingwrotewritten to bebeingwasbeen

Six Principal Tenses of Verbs  Present: I walk.  Past: I walked.  Future: I will walk.  Present Perfect: I have walked.  Past Perfect: I had walked.  Future Perfect: I will have walked.

Progressive Forms of Verbs  Present Progressive: I am walking.  Past Progressive: I was walking.  Future Progressive : I will be walking.  Present Perfect Progressive : I have been walking.  Past Perfect Progressive : I had been walking.  Future Perfect Progressive : I will have been walking.

Mood of Verbs  Indicative: statements or questions Tom walked to the store.  Imperative: commands or requests Take out the trash.  Subjunctive: situations contrary to fact I wish I were a millionaire. If I were only younger, I could run faster.

Verb Phrases  The verb in a sentence may consist of more than one word. Hani will have been walking three hours by then.  The verb that shows the actual action is the main verb. Hani will have been walking three hours by then.  The words that accompany the main verb are called helping verbs or auxiliary verbs. Hani will have been walking three hours by then.

Verb Drills 1 For each of the following sentences, underline the complete verb and identify it as an action verb or a linking verb.

Sentence 1 A.Poleevra can wait for her bologna milk shake. B.Flanarco will be a friend to all the cows. Action/Linking Verbs AV LV

Sentence 2 A.Feng Ying has seemed depressed about his hands. B.Two skunks just licked my front door. Action/Linking Verbs LV AV

Sentence 3 A.Is Grogan picking his nose in the car? B.Ms. Ho can never wash my nutria. Action/Linking Verbs AV

Sentence 4 A.Karsten could have won the Asparagus Cup. B.Every day Verberinchulina grows more angry. Action/Linking Verbs AV LV

Sentence 5 A.Tor feels sick, like he might throw up in his mouth. B.Weenie feels the silky fur of the giant nutria. Action/Linking Verbs LV AV

Sentence 6 A.On Tuesday, the blue thing will become invincible. B.The skunks should remain at the front door. Action/Linking Verbs LV

Verb Drills 2 For each of the following sentences, underline the action verb and identify it as a transitive verb or an intransitive verb.

Sentence 1 A.Cronver can walk the dog later. B.Ms. Ho will walk after work. Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Trans Intrans

Sentence 2 A.Did Karsten fail completely? B.Will Karkarala fail the struggling students? Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Intrans Trans Intrans Trans

Sentence 3 A.Kajala sits on a pork chop. B.Twing sits before he is forced to do so. Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Intrans

Sentence 4 A.Feng Ying lost his hands in a factory accident. B.The Mashoes Marmots lost in the final seconds of the game. Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Trans Intrans

Sentence 5 A.Zebraman can’t fly his Zebrajet anymore. B.Goat Man could never fly in the first place. Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Trans Intrans Trans Intrans

Sentence 6 A.Deebra fights the idea that she must eat dirt. B.Poleevra fights her cat for total dominance. Transitive/Intransitive Verbs Trans

Verb Drills 3 For each of the following sentences, underline the linking verb and identify the predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives.

Sentence 1 A.Flanarco is the enemy of party clowns everywhere. B.Kimane is president of the Gargler’s Club International. Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s PN

Sentence 2 A.Verberinchulina will smell funny after work. B.Beefma has smelled beefy in the past. Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s PA

Sentence 3 A.The blue thing will be our leader in future years. B.The nutria could have been wise without trying. Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s PN PA

Sentence 4 A.Without rain, our turnips could be bitter. B.Before the storm, your car was beautiful. Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s PA

Sentence 5 A.Feng Ying remains depressed about his hands. B.The possums became humans in the machine. Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s PA

Sentence 6 A.You seem disgusting to me. B.Beefma grows increasingly irritated at the clowns. Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s PA

Parts of Speech Adverbs

Adverb A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Functions of Adverbs  Adverbs answer four questions: When? Where? How? To what extent?

Functions of Adverbs  When adverbs modify verbs, they may answer any of the four questions: When? Where? How? To what extent?

Functions of Adverbs  When adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs, they act as intensifiers.  They increase or decrease the intensity of the adjective or adverb.  In this case, they answer only one question: To what extent?

Functions of Adverbs  Adverbs answer the question—When?: John ran in the marathon yesterday.  When did John run? Yesterday Grogan likes to get up early.  When does Grogan get up? Early Kajala will soon be decapitated.  When will Kajala be decapitated? Soon

Functions of Adverbs  Adverbs answer the question—Where?: Cronver sent the message here.  Where did Cronver send the message? Here The blue thing sent me away.  Where did the blue thing send me? Away Ms. Ho holds her secrets close.  Where does Ms. Ho hold her secrets? Close

Functions of Adverbs  Adverbs answer the question—How?: The skunks viciously licked my door.  How did the skunks lick my door? Viciously The weasels cautiously sniffed the popsicle.  How did the weasels sniff the popsicle? Cautiously Grogan gently bit her thumb.  How did Grogan bite her thumb? Gently

Functions of Adverbs  Adverbs answer the question—To what extent?: Kajala very quickly denied his involvement.  To what extent did Kajala quickly deny? Very Your perfume is rather stinky.  To what extent is your perfume stinky? Rather Poleevra spoke incredibly slowly.  To what extent did Poleevra speak slowly? Incredibly

Words Modified by Adverbs  Adverbs can modify verbs: Birbulas skillfully assembled the model balloon. Zebraman heroically saved the possum. Give me those grapes now! AdvV V V

Words Modified by Adverbs  Adverbs can modify adjectives: The very salty popsicle melted in the driveway. Kajala called the rather timid Zebraman. Goat Man is highly suspicious. AdvAdj Adv AdjAdv

Words Modified by Adverbs  Adverbs can modify other adverbs: Kajala quite gladly knelt to the blue thing. Mikey rather easily pinned his opponent. Poleevra walked suspiciously slowly. Adv

Negatives as Adverbs  Negatives, including the contraction “n’t” are adverbs. You cannot eat leeches. Dejuana never loses at marbles. Tor won’t give me the butter. Weenie is nowhere to be seen.

Nouns as Adverbs  home  yesterday  today  tomorrow  mornings  afternoons  evenings  nights  week  month  year A few words that are usually nouns can function as adverbs that answer the questions Where? or When?:

Nouns as Adverbs  A few words that are usually nouns can function as adverbs that answer the questions Where? or When?: Verberinchulina crawled home.  “home” is a noun acting as an adverb. It answers “Where?” Verberinchulina crawled. Feng Ying defeated the clown yesterday.  “yesterday” is a noun acting as an adverb. It answers “When?” Feng Ying defeated the clown. Akira hunts marmots most evenings.  “evenings” is a noun acting as an adverb. It answered “When?” Akira hunts marmots.

Infinitive as Adverbs  Infinitives look like verbs, but they function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.  They have the form “to + verb”  Infinitive phrases can function as adverbs: Mashoes is a sight that is beautiful to see.  “to see” is an infinitive. It modifies the predicate adjective “beautiful.”

Phrases as Adverbs  Prepositional phrases can function as adverbs: The skunk crept to the door.  “to the door” is a prepositional phrase. It answers “Where?” the skunk crept. Grogan barfed before the test.  “before the test” is a prepositional phrase. It answers “When?” Grogan barfed. Kitty buzzed like a bee.  “like a bee” is a prepositional phrase. It answered “How?” Kitty buzzed.

Subordinate Clauses as Adverbs  Subordinate clauses can function as adverbs: Beefma left before the pig fight began.  “before the pig fight began” is a subordinate clause. It answers “When?” Beefma left. The blue thing buzzed until we screamed.  “until we screamed” is a subordinate clause. It answers “When?” the blue thing buzzed. Flanarco spreads joy wherever he goes.  “wherever he goes” is a subordinate clause. It answered “Where?” Flanarco spreads joy.

Adverb Drills For each of the following sentences, identify the adverb and the part of speech of the word that the adverb is modifying.

Sentence 1 A.The truck sank slowly into the Mashoes swamp. B.Kajala never eats bologna and jam. Adverbs AdvV V

Sentence 2 A.The horrendously ugly woman belched. B.Why is Grogan softly humming? Adverbs AdvAdj Adv V V

Sentence 3 A.Poleevra savagely bit the head off the shrimp. B.Deebra abruptly stuck a pebble in her nose. Adverbs AdvV V

Sentence 4 A.Cronver is secretly in love with Ms. Ho. B.The snake will soon slither into your sock. Adverbs AdvV V V

Sentence 5 A.Ms. Ho feels flushed when she is near Zebraman. B.The skunk licked the door where the paint was thickest. Adverbs Adv V V

Sentence 6 A.Flanarco will never cut the eyes off the crabs. B.Kajala didn’t throw the rock at Grogan’s head. Adverbs Adv V VV V

Sentence 7 A.Karsten looked slightly bored during the speech. B.The monks always polished the blue thing on Saturdays. Adverbs AdvAdj Adv V V

Sentence 8 A.The squirrels joyfully danced the Marshmallow Dance. B.The pretty girl rather rudely burped. Adverbs Adv V V

Sentence 9 A.Kajala hotly blushed after picking his nose. B.Kimane carefully put the sauerkraut into the clown’s scary red mouth. Adverbs Adv V V

Parts of Speech Prepositions

Preposition A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun (its object) and another word in the sentence.

Preposition (alternate definition) Any where or when a squirrel can go (or a mouse, depending on whom your fifth grade teacher was).

Prepositional Phrases:  Prepositions are always part of a group of words called a prepositional phrase.  A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.  The noun or pronoun is the object of the preposition, and will always be object case.  A prepositional phrase may have more than one object.

Prepositional Phrases:  Examples: Poleevra walked through the store. Grogan told the secret to her. The skunk touched its tongue to your beautiful new front door. Beefma went out with Ms. Ho and him.

Some Common Prepositions aboutbehindfromoutsideup abovebelowinoverupon acrossbeneathinsidepastwith afterbesideintosincewithin againstbetweenlikethroughwithout alongbynearto amongdownoftoward aroundduringoffunder atexceptonunderneath beforeforontountil

Compound Prepositions:  A compound preposition is a preposition that is made up of more than one word. according tobecause ofinstead of ahead ofby means ofnext to along withexcept foron account of apart fromin addition toon top of aside fromin front ofout of as toin spite ofowing to

Prepositions show relationship:  All three of these sentences show the relationship between ran and the yard: The dog ran across the yard. The dog ran inside the yard. The dog ran around the yard.  In each case, the relationship of the word “yard” to the word “ran” is different.  The preposition used in each case determines that relationship.

Types of Relationships:  Prepositions show four types of relationships: Temporal: before, during, after Spatial: in, on, beside, around Directional: to, from, toward Oddballs: of, for, like, as

Temporal Prepositions:  A temporal preposition shows how its object is related to another word in the sentence in time: The party is after the prom.  The preposition “after” shows how the party and prom are related to each other in time.

Spatial Prepositions:  A spatial preposition shows how its object is related to another word in the sentence in space: Deebra is inside the possum cave.  The preposition “inside” shows how Deebra and the cave are related to each other in space.

Directional Prepositions:  A directional preposition shows how its object is related to another word in the sentence in direction: Grogan walks toward the blue thing.  The preposition “toward” shows where Grogan walks—towards the blue thing. This shows a directional relationship.

Oddball Prepositions:  A few prepositions don’t fit into the above categories, but they do show how their objects are related to another word in the sentence: Ms. Ho is Queen of Wanchese.  The preposition “of” shows a possessive relationship between the words “Queen” and “Wanchese.”

Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives:  Prepositional phrases can function as adjectives, answering the questions Which?, What kind of?, or How much/many?: Kajala is the man of the hour.  The prepositional phrase “of the hour” answers the question “Which man?” and functions therefore as an adjective.

Prepositional Phrases as Adverbs:  Prepositional phrases can function as adverbs, answering the questions When?, Where?, How?, or To what extent?: Ms. Ho poked Kajala in the eye before the game.  The prepositional phrase “before the game” answers the question “When did she poke?” and functions therefore as an adverb.

Prepositional Placement  Because a preposition always needs an object, don’t end a sentence with a preposition. Not: Who are you going with? Instead: With whom are you going?

Prepositional vs. Adverb  Sometimes the same word can function as both a preposition and an adverb.  Examples would be: around, down, in, off, on, out, over, and up.  If the word is followed by a noun or pronoun that acts as its object, it is a preposition.  If it is not followed by a noun or pronoun that acts as its object, it is an adverb.

Prepositional vs. Adverb  Examples: Grogan’s car rolled down the hill.  There is an object, so “down” is a preposition. Beefma pushed me down.  There is no object, so “down” is an adverb. Feng Ying wept over his hands.  There is an object, so “over” is a preposition. The clown came over to kill me.  There is no object, so “over” is an adverb.

Preposition Drills For each of the following sentences, identify the preposition, its object, and whether it is used as an adjective, and adverb, or neither.

Sentence 1 A.Rani took her fish to the desert to freak them out. B.Zebraman took the mask from his face, revealing a huge white zit. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 2 A.My cat Huckleberry is choking on the congealed salad. B.Karsten sprinkled his yellow toenail clippings onto the hot fudge sundae. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 3 A.Dr. Ho removed the eye from the dog and bit the round orb. B.The skunk is walking toward the door slowly and suspiciously. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 4 A.Zebraman felt very cool as he wrote “MHB” on the notebook. B.Tor aimed the speargun at the evil clown and laughed. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 5 A.Goat Man sat angrily in the public bathroom without toilet paper. B.Weenie merrily ran over the squirrel with her Hummer. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 6 A.Feng Ying bought three cans of Spaghetti-O’s for the chipmunks. B.Grogan and Ms. Ho coaxed the cats with weeping eyes into the cement mixer. Prepositions Adjective Adverb

Sentence 7 A.Poleevra stuck a vienna sausage up her nose. B.Kajala gallantly helped Ms. Ho aboard the Nutria Tooth, an orange sailboat. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 8 A.Zebraman stood between the villains and the blue thing. B.Command the man with the moustache and the cane to kick the marmot. Prepositions Adverb Adjective Adver b

Sentence 9 A.Toneeka ran frantically down the hill, chased by water moccasins. B.Kajala’s back is covered with thick hair, combed into a swirl. Prepositions Adverb

Sentence 10 A.The clown in the death box frightens me. B.Taggart carefully and joyfully trimmed his nose hair over the kitchen sink. Prepositions Adjective Adverb

Parts of Speech Conjunctions

Conjunction A word that joins words or groups of words.

Types of Conjunctions:  There are three types of Conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions:  Coordinating conjunctions join equals; they coordinate two words or groups of words of similar grammatical importance. They should be memorized: and but or nor for so yet

Coordinating Conjunctions:  Coordinating conjunctions can join different parts of speech: Nouns/Pronouns:  Birbulas and he touched the blue thing. Verbs:  Beefma roared and snorted around the room. Adjectives:  The skunk’s tongue is pink, shiny, and wet. Adverbs:  We killed the kittens quickly but humanely.

Coordinating Conjunctions:  Coordinating conjunctions can join different parts of sentences: Prepositional Phrases:  Karkarala gave MRSA to his friends and to his enemies. Dependent Clauses:  Ms. Ho felt that she was beautiful but that she smelled funny. Independent Clauses:  Poleevra was afraid of the clowns, for they loved to kill randomly.

Correlative Conjunctions:  Correlative conjunctions join words or groups of words of equal grammatical weight. They are multiple-word conjunctions, with other words coming between them: either... or neither... nor both... and just as... so not only... but (also) whether... or

Correlative Conjunctions:  Correlative conjunctions can join different parts of speech: Nouns/Pronouns:  Neither Verberinchulina nor she will be allowed to eat the whole turkey. Adjectives:  Goat Man is not only vicious but also malicious.

Correlative Conjunctions :  Correlative conjunctions can join different parts of sentences: Prepositional Phrases:  Zebraman was graceful both in the air and in the water. Independent Clauses:  Either Karsten will drown the kittens or Ms. Ho will be forced to put them in the cement mixer.

Subordinating Conjunctions:  Subordinating conjunctions join unequals; they join something of lesser importance to something of greater importance: afterbecauselesttill althoughbeforenow thatunless asconsideringprovideduntil as far aseven ifsincewhen as ifeven thoughso long aswhenever as long ashowso (that)where as much asifthanwhereas as soon asinasmuch asthatwherever as thoughin order thatthoughwhile

Subordinating Conjunctions :  Subordinating conjunctions always begin subordinate clauses: Narwhals will rule the earth now that they have machine guns.  They do not always come between the clauses they are connecting, however: Unless you get your toes out of my face, I will vomit.  When the subordinate clause comes first, it is usually followed by a comma.  When the subordinate clause comes last, it is usually NOT preceded by a comma.

Conjunctive Adverbs :  A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that acts like a conjunction.  It is used to connect independent clauses and to show relationships between them.  They are usually better at showing these relationships than are coordinating conjunctions.  Because it is an adverb, it still answers the questions: When? Where? How? To What Extent?

Conjunctive Adverbs :  Some common Conjunctive Adverbs: accordinglyfor examplenevertheless againfurthermoreon the other hand alsohoweverotherwise besidesin additionthen consequentlyindeedtherefore finallymoreoverthus

Conjunctive Adverbs :  When a conjunctive adverb is used between two independent clauses, it is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma: This fish is smelly; furthermore, it tastes like mold.  If it is not placed between independent clauses, it is still set off by punctuation, usually a comma before and after: The clown is menacing you; you should, therefore, take defensive action.

Conjunctions, Prepositions, Adverbs  Don’t confuse subordinating conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs: I have not felt good since my hair caught fire. (subordinating conjunction) My hair has been burning since Tuesday. (preposition) Before Tor met Weenie, he was alone. (subordinating conjunction) Goat Man ate a kitten before the movie. (preposition) You never belched at the table before. (adverb)

Joining Sentences  Remember, when joining two independent clauses, you must use both a comma and a coordinating conjunction. If either are missing the sentence becomes a run-on sentence:  Kajala is nice and Grogan is mean. WRONG  Kajala is nice, Grogan is mean. WRONG  Kajala is nice, and Grogan is mean. RIGHT

Conjunction Drills For each of the following sentences, identify the conjunction, then identify which of the three types it is.

Sentence 1 A.The clown sharpened his razor and chuckled deep in his throat. B.Neither Zebraman nor Aquaman could control the giant mauve squid. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Conj

Sentence 2 A.Toneeka wondered whether she should feed the snake or squash it. B.Because Taggart loved Ms. Ho, he could not destroy her oboe. Conjunctions Correlative Subordinating Conj

Sentence 3 A.The skunks licked the front door, but the possums sang outside the window. B.Kajala hates to pass gas while he is eating dinner. Conjunctions Coordinating Subordinating Conj

Sentence 4 A.Since Goat Man cannot find children to eat, he relies on small rodents to satisfy his hunger. B.Tor will either ask Deebra or Poleevra to the Lunch Meat Ball. Conjunctions Subordinating Correlative Conj

Sentence 5 A.As Karkarala shaved his back, outside the snow began to fall. B.Kajala may not own a cat, for he always feeds them firecrackers. Conjunctions Subordinating Coordinating Conj

Sentence 6 A.Feng Yeng lost his hands, so he has to drink through a straw. B.Just as the blue thing demands respect, so does Goat Man demand flesh. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Conj

Sentence 7 A.Although Tor won the vienna sausage eating contest, Weenie would not go out with him. B.The popsicle tasted salty, yet Verberinchulina ate it anyway. Conjunctions Subordinating Coordinating Conj

Sentence 8 A.The tingle bucket was full, but Grogan continued to throw pretzels into it. B.Either Kajala will put the kittens in the cement mixer, or he will be put in himself. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Conj

Sentence 9 A.Rani, Tani, and Connie went to the drag races. B.Whenever Grogan lit Ms. Ho’s hair on fire, she screamed. Conjunctions Coordinating Subordinating Conj

Sentence 10 A.After the prom, the kids went home and went to bed early. B.My finger smells funny, but I can’t figure out why. Conjunctions Subordinating Coordinating Conj

Parts of Speech Interjections

Interjection A word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function.

Function of Interjections:  Interjections have only one function: To show emotion  Interjections do not: Name (like nouns) Show Action (like verbs) Replace (like pronouns) Modify (like adjectives and adverbs) Show Relationships (like prepositions) Join (like conjunctions)

Examples of Interjections:  ow, oh, ugh, oof, yes, no, oops Yes, I will eat the cat hair. Wow, your cooking is bad! Oops, you wet the bed. Oof, I fell onto a pit full of snakes. Dang, why do I have to die?

Interjection Drills For each of the following sentences, identify the interjection.

Sentence 1 A.Yow, my finger is fizzing and smoking. B.Yarrrr, batten the hatches, me matey. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 2 A.Egads, my monacle popped out when I heard the news! B.Yo, Deebra is now in the house. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 3 A.Grogan bit Poleevra’s thumb, right? B.Hey, Verberinchulina ate my popsicle. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 4 A.Man, Toneeka’s socks smell like Fritos. B.These squirrel brains are good, word. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 5 A.Wow, Beefma ate a whole TL Burger! B.No, you may not eat that seagull egg. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 6 A.Ms. Ho is fond of pickled eggs, no? B.Fooey, my lamb died a bloody death. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 7 A.Eek, the clowns have gotten into the house! B.Whoopee, Karkarala won the Tingle Prize. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 8 A.Ouch, Kajala dropped an anchor on Grogan’s toe. B.Awww, Feng Ying is clapping with no hands. Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 9 A.Pshaw, Zebraman could never date Ms. Ho. B.My goodness, the skunks are at the door! Interjections Int. Int

Sentence 10 A.Oh, Speed Racer just released the robot dove. B.Shazam, Karsten and Poleevra had a fight! Interjections Int. Int

Crabby Grammy Phrases

Interjection A word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function.