1. The Eight Parts of Speech
For: Mrs. Evans’s Writing Composition Class

2. Nouns A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Ex. Person- girl
Ex. Place- home
Ex. Thing- dog
Ex. Idea- hatred

3. Types of Nouns Singular- a noun that is one in number. Example: cat
Plural- a noun that is more than one. Example: cats
Common- a noun that does not represent a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Example: school
Proper- a noun that represents a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Example: North Laurel High School (starts with caps.)

4. Rest of the Noun Types
Abstract: This is a noun that is an idea noun. It cannot be seen or touched. Example: justice
Concrete: This is a noun that can be seen or touched. Example: house
Compound: This is two or more nouns put together to make one word. Example: football
Adverbal: This is a noun that answers the same questions an adverb answers; however, it acts as a noun. Example: yesterday
Collective: This is a noun that represents a group. It is singular usually in nature. Example: herd

5. Verb (Also Predicate)
A verb is a word that shows action or a state of being.
Example of action: jump
Example of being: is

6. Types of Verbs Action verb: Anything you can do. Example: talk
Being verb (also known as copular and or linking): This verb is any form of the verb be. Is, am, was, were, will be, are… (Be careful because sometimes these can be helping verbs also.
Helping verb: This is a verb that comes before the main verb and lets you know when a verb occurred. Example: have written ( the helping verb is have)

7. Rest of Types of Verbs
Main verb: This is the verb that lets you know what is happening in the sentence.
Example: I am jumping on the trampoline. (Jumping is the main verb, and am is the helping verb letting me know when.)
Transitive verb: This is an action verb that has an object. Example: I kicked the ball. The object is ball, and the action is kicked.
Intransitive verb: This is an action verb without an object. Example: I jumped over the fence.

8. Interjection
An interjection is a word that shows excitement or surprise.
If it is used at the beginning of the sentence, it is followed by a comma or an exclamation point.
Example: Ouch, you hurt my toe

9. Adjective An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.
It answers: which one- that girl, what kind- pretty girl, how many- several girls
They are considered to be descriptors.
Don’t forget that the words a, an, and the are also considered adjectives.

10. Types of Adjectives
Articles: A, an, the. A and an are both nonspecific, and the is considered the specific article.
Common: These are the regular adjectives used to describe. Example: The ugly boy bit me.
Proper: This type of adjective is made from a proper noun. Example: Mexico becomes Mexican boy
Demonstrative: These are this, that, these, and those. This and these are specific, and that and those are non specific and far away.

11. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
These are often considered to be intensifiers.
Usually end in ly.
Answer: where? There when? Lately why? Because, and to what extent? Very, too…

12. Prepositions
Prepositions show a relationship to other words in the sentence.
Think about the mouse and the log.
Examples: in, under, at, on, beside…
Some weird ones: with, of, for

13. Conjunctions Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses.
In a series of three, you must use commas before the conjunctions.
Example: We ate apples, bananas, and oranges.

14. Types of Conjunctions
Coordinating: These are the common conjunctions used to join words, phrases, or clauses. (They are and, or, nor, for, but, yet.)
Correlative: These are words that are used to smoothly join two closely related sentences. Example: They studied for their test; therefore, they did well. A semi colon goes before them, and a comma follows.

15. Rest of the types of Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions: Begin dependent adverbial clauses, and the clause should be followed by a comma if the subordinating conjunction is at the beginning of the sentence. Example: When you talk, you miss out on instruction.

16. Pronoun A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
They have number, gender, and case.
Number means they are singular or plural.
Gender means they can be feminine (she,) masculine (he,) or neuter (it.)
Case: nominative (subject,)-he objective (object,)-him and possessive (shows possession.)-his

17. Types of Pronoun
Relative- This type of pronoun begins a dependent adjective clause. They are who, whom, whose, which, and that. **Never use that to refer to people. Example: He is the boy who stole the money.
Reflexive: This pronoun ends in self or selves. Example: themselves ***Remember there is no such word as theirself or hisself

18. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite- These can be singular, plural, or both depending on how they are used in the sentence.
Plural: Both, few, many, several.
Singular: each, either, neither, one, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, everyone, and everybody.
Singular or plural depending on how used: all, any, none, some, and most.