1. Dr. Monira Al-Mohizea MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX WEEK 11

2. Syntax Basic Sentence Structure

3. What is a sentence? A sentence is a sequence of words whose first word starts with a capital letter and whose last word is followed by an end punctuation mark (period/full stop, question mark or exclamation mark).

4. Clauses A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and predicate, There are two types of clauses: 1. Main clause: (independent clause), a clause that can stand alone as a sentence (make sense by itself); also known as a simple sentence. 2. Subordinate clause: (dependent clause), a clause that add the additional information to the main clause, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence.

5. Types of subordinate clause 1.Adverbial clause: e.g. before you go, call him 2.Noun clause: ‘wh-words’, e.g. I know what makes you laugh 3.Adjectival (relative) clause: comes with who, whom, that. E.g. The beautiful lady who sits next to me is friendly.

6. NOUN CLAUSE A noun clause is a clause that contains a finite verb. A finite verb: is a form of a verb that has a subject (expressed or implied) and can function as the root of an independent clause-which can stand alone as a complete sentence. In many languages, finite verbs are the locus of grammatical information of gender, person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and/or voice. Finite verbs are distinguished from non-finite verbs, such as infinitives, participles.non-finite verbsinfinitivesparticiples

7. Examples.. Consider 1.Verbs appear in almost all sentences. 2.This sentence is illustrating finite and non-finite verbs. 3.The dog will have to be trained well. 4.Tom promised try to do the work.

8. Solution.. 1.Verbs appear in almost all sentences. 2.This sentence is illustrating finite and non-finite verbs. 3.The dog will have to be trained well. 4.Tom promised to do the work. *Non-finite, underlined, finite (highlighted in red)

9. Common types of noun clause in English may include: Noun Clause with “that”. I believe that everything happens for a reason. Noun Clause with “if/whether”. I don’t know if my sister is at home. Noun Clause with “wh- words”. I want to know what makes you laugh.

10. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE An adjective clause (also called relative clause), is a clause that modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun. An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, and whose) or a relative adverb (where and when).  Example: The beautiful lady who sits next to me is friendly.

11. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE An adverbial clause functions like an adverb in giving information about the reason, manner, time, place, condition, or purpose of an action that occurred. They modify whole clauses.  Examples: 1. I did this work, because this work is part of my educational project. (reason) 2. He ate as if he were starving for months. (manner) 3. Before you go, bring me some water. (time) 4. Put it where we can see it. (place) 5. Unless you study hard, you will fail in this exam. (condition) 6. We need to eat so that we may live. (purpose)

12. Classifications of sentences Sentence can be classified based on categories of: 1.Pragmatic Aspect 2.Form 3.Grammatical Structure

13. (1) Sentences (pragmatic aspect) Based on the Pragmatic Aspect (realistic condition of the usage), sentence can be classified into: 1.Declarative Sentence 2.Imperative Sentence 3.Interrogative Sentence 4.Exclamatory Sentence

14. (1) Declarative Sentence Definition: A declarative sentence is a sentence in the form of a statement.  Examples: I have to go to work. I'll never do that. We are studying linguistics. He took my bicycle.

15. (2) Imperative Sentence Definition: An imperative sentence is a sentence that tells someone to do something, gives advice or instructions, or that expresses a request or command. An imperative sentence usually have no obvious subject.  Examples: Go to work! Don't do that! Don't walk on the grass! You should study hard.

16. (3) Interrogative Sentence Definition: An interrogative sentence is a sentence in the form of question, which is used to request information. There are two types of interrogative sentence; 1.those which expect the answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ (Tag- Questions) 2.those which begin with the question words „what ‟, where, which, who, whom, when, why, whose, or how, that expect a complete answer.

17. Examples: Consider ?? Where is my book? How are you? Do you have to go to work? Did you do that? Have you got the message? Are you OK? Is she your girlfriend? What are you doing? Why did you do that? Whose car is that?

18. (4) Exclamatory Sentence  Definition: An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation.  Examples: I did it! What a fool I was! What a beautiful country! Oh my God!

19. (2) Sentences (form) Based on the Form (completeness of the structure), sentence can be classified into: 1.MAJOR SENTENCE 2.MINOR SENTENCE

20. MAJOR VS. MINOR 1.MAJOR SENTENCE: A major sentence is a regular sentence which contains a finite verb; it has a subject and a predicate.  Example: I have a book. (in this sentence, one can change the persons, such as: we have a book, she has a book, you have a book, and so on.) 2. MINOR SENTENCE: A minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence. It does not contain a finite verb, and frequently found in colloquial speech.  Examples: Just a minute. Yes. Coffee?

21. (3) Sentence (grammatical structure) Based on the Grammatical Structure (the composition and relation between clauses), sentence can be classified into: 1.SIMPLE SENTENCE 2.COMPOUND SENTENCE 3.COMPLEX SENTENCE 4.COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

22. Simple sentence A simple sentence is a sentence which consists of one independent clause (main clause) with no dependent clause (subordinate clause).  Examples: I come. The boy cried. Canada is a rich country. The girl ran into her bedroom. Some students like to study in the morning.

23. Compound sentence A compound sentence: is a sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses (main clauses) with no dependent clause (subordinate clause); usually linked by the coordinating conjunctions: (e.g. and, but, so, or, either …. or, neither …. nor, or then). Example: She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs. Identify: Coordinating Conjunction? Independent Clause (1) Independent Clause (2)

24. Complex sentence A complex sentence: is a sentence consists of one independent clause (main clause) and at least one dependent clause (subordinate clause), and often formed by putting the subordinating conjunctions, such as: as, as if, before, after, because, although, while, when, whenever, during, as soon as, as long as, since, until, unless, where, wherever, etc.  Examples: John cannot set up his computer because the setting is complicated. She became queen when her father died, because she was the eldest child.

25. Compound-complex sentence A compound-complex sentence: is a sentence consists of: two or more independent clauses (main clauses) and at least one dependent (subordinate clause).  Example: Consider?? Although she worked hard to gain recognition, many people did not know who she was, and her friends did not even appreciate her work.

26. Solution.. Although she worked hard to gain recognition (dependent clause), many people did not know who she was (independent clause), and (coordinating conjunction) her friends did not even appreciate her work (independent clause).

28. Thank you