THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Moving Towards German Unification The German Confederation was a weak alliance formed at the Congress of Vienna. Otto von Bismarck -Chancellor of Prussia -United Germany under Prussian rule -“Blood and iron” -Used the system of Realpolitik -Created a strong military

A German Nation William I becomes kaiser Birth of the Second Reich Bismark drafts a constitution and sets up a 2-house legislature Emperor and Chancellor had the most power

After unification, Germany became an industrial giant Bismarck had campaigns that opposed Catholics and Socialists in Germany Both campaigns backfired William II -Became kaiser after his grandfather -Created programs for social welfare (programs to help out the people) -Removed Bismarck from office -Ruler when WWI began

Unifying Italy Italy had not been unified since the Roman Empire Italy was left divided after the Congress of Vienna Giuseppe Mazzini- Founded the secret nationalist society called Young Italy. Spent much of life in exile. Camillo Cavour- Became prime minister of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi- United Sicily and Naples with his group of 1,000 “Red Shirts”. He is called the Sword of Italian Unification.

Emmanuel II Became King of Italy Constitutional Monarchy Some anarchists in Italy Anarchists- People who want no gov.

Problems in Russia By 1815, Russia was the largest nation in Europe in size and people Most people in Russia were peasant serfs.

Alexander II Tsar of Russia Was the ruler during the Crimean War Crimean War -Russia vs. England and France -Invasion of Crimean Peninsula -Russia was defeated -Showed how primitive Russia was

In 1861, Alexander II passed a reform of emancipation, which freed the serfs. Many former serfs worked in factories or tried to run their own farms Alexander II also set up zemstvos, which were elected assemblies that were responsible for things like roads, schools, and farms. Alexander II was assassinated by terrorists.

Persecution! In Russia, the Tsar tried to keep unity by insisting that the only language would be Russian and that the only church would be the Russian Orthodox Church Pogroms-Violent mob attacks on Jews Many Jews left Russia and became refugees

Bloody Sunday Hundreds of protesters marched to the Tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg Troops were called out Almost 1,000 were killed