1. Nationalism Germany and Italy I can explain the unification of Germany and Italy

2. What impact does Napoleon have in Europe? Napoleonic Wars: 1799-1815 He conquers much of Europe – Deposing leaders, changing boundaries He changes the nature of war – New technologies – New strategies: blockades, waging war on civilians

3. Why does Nationalism develop after Napoleon? National— Ism— Definition:

4. What are the benefits of a country displaying nationalism?

5. What are the drawbacks of a country displaying nationalism?

6. Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 Purpose: to rebuild Europe after Napoleon Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France all sent diplomats

7. Prince Klemens von Metternich From Austria; wanted 3 major goals completed: – Containment of France – Balance of Power – Legitimacy (restoring rulers Napoleon dethroned)

9. RESULTS: The Congress of Vienna – Created a group of 39 German States – Returned many French conquered countries back to power – Diminished some of France’s power (but not too much!!) – Returned dethroned rulers to power – Created a balance of power and brought a temporary peace to Europe

10. Europe 1812

11. Europe 1815

12. CONSERVATISM A return to ways of the past---monarchies, royal families A social hierarchy An established church SLOW changes Fear of revolutions Opposed freedom of press and protests

13. LIBERALISM More supportive of revolutions Wanted constitutions based on separation of power No monarchies Life, liberty, property Political rights for male property owners A middle class movement

14. Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94o Cl_M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94o Cl_M Watch this one: http://www.the-map-as- history.com/demos/tome01/index.php http://www.the-map-as- history.com/demos/tome01/index.php – Who is happy? – Who might not be so happy? – What potential issues could arise from this?

15. http://aofe.pbworks.com/f/Nationalism.pdf

16. GERMANY Early 1800s – no unified “Germany” German-speaking people lived in Prussia and other states (Bavaria, Saxony, etc…) Germanic people had been around since the times of the Romans Napoleon’s raids had spurred German nationalism and contempt for French Otto von Bismarck – “The Iron Chancellor” – prime minister of the Prussian monarchy. – Master of Realpolitik Realistic policies based on the needs of the state; power is more important than principles; diplomacy would never unite Germany

17. Otto von Bismarck

18. Bismarck Pulled away from Austria, which had historically ruled the German states Began process of German unification – Built up Prussian army – Annexed smaller, weaker German states – “Started” the Franco-Prussian War. Why would he start a war? He knew other German states would unify against France (Germans hated France since Napoleon)

19. Franco-Prussian War 1870 Started over a disagreement about an heir to the Spanish throne. He “edited” a telegram sent to him by the Prussian king, William. Made it look like King Will insulted France. Made Napoleon III furious. He declares war. Prussia beats France in 6 weeks – How? Modern technology (telegraphs, railroads, breech-loading weapons)

20. Franco-Prussian War Humiliating for the French – Very quick defeat – Forced to pay Prussia to leave – Lose 2 border provinces: Alsace and Lorraine The huge Prussian victory led to the crowning of Will I as “Kaiser” William I (emperor) 1871 – “Germany” becomes a unified nation

23. ITALY Had not been a unified nation since the days of the Roman Empire People there spoke common language (Italian) but lived in several city-states ruled by Austria and other foreign powers. Reasons some wanted unification: – Made economic sense (remove tariffs) – Common language, history, culture

24. Nationalist Leaders Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo Cavour Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppe Garibaldi

25. Italy Mazzini-founded Young Italy in the 1830s – A secret society – Organized a revolution, but it failed. He was exiled. Important: planted seeds of nationalism Cavour-became Prime Minister of Sardinia King-Victor Emmanuel II Cavour was a crafty politician like Bismarck Secret alliance with France; provoked war with Austria. Won and annexed some Italian states.

26. Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Garibaldi –longtime nationalist – recruited 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. Invaded Sicily and conquered north to Naples Very patriotic, turned over his control to Victor Emmanuel. By 1870, all of Italy was unified.

28. CRITICAL CONNECTIONS In what ways can the nationalist movements of the 1800s be traced back to Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna? How does France’s humiliation in the Franco- Prussian war contribute to future conflict?