1. CH 22 Sec 3-5 CH 22 Sec 3-5 Italy Austria – Hungary Ottoman empire Russia

2. UNIFYING ITALY Not unified since time of the Roman Empire Congress of Vienna ignored Italy’s desire for unification Giuseppe Mazzini – founded “ Young Italy ” ◦ Italy was a single geographic area, its people spoke the same language and should be independent ◦ Attempted to establish a Republic in Rome, but was defeated by France ◦ “Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs” “ Risorgimento ” – Italian nationalist movement

3. UNIFYING ITALY 1858 Camillo Cavour  strengthened Sardinia through economic reform and alliances  With help of France, provoked a war with Austria  Main architect of Italian unification 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi  Aided by Cavour  “ Red Shirts ”  Conquered Southern Italy 1861Italian Nationalists defeat Austria in Northern Italy

4. UNIFYING ITALY 1866Italy allied with Prussia in Austria- Prussian War  Won Venice in Northeastern Italy from Austria 1870Italy allied with Prussia in Franco- Prussian War  Won Rome from France  Italy now Independent  Constitutional Monarchy established  Victor Emmanuel II becomes king

5. NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES Area of many different “nationalities”

6. NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES Conservatives were still in control of Austria and Ottoman Empire AUSTRIA Hapsburg family censored newspapers Limited industrial growth threatened traditional ways of life growth of cities, worker discontent, increased socialism Nationalism growing among multinational groups Czechs, Slavs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats 1866 Austro-Hungarian War Hungary demanded more independence Dual Monarch established between Austria and Hungary -separate, but shared finances, foreign issues, defense

7. NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES Ottoman Empire Balkan Peninsula “Sick Man of Europe” empire collapsing economics, colonies, government Pressure increasing form different nationalities wanting their independence Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania Powder Keg of Europe Smallest “spark” could cause war

8. RUSSIA largest and most populated country in Europe Conservatives controlled society Nationalism/Enlightenment ideas trying to spread 1825 Decembrist Revolt  revolt by liberal, military officials  Nicholas I defeated the rebellion and increased regulations to stop Enlightenment ideas

9. Liberals continued calling for change 1861 - peasants were freed Industrial Revolution spreading Negative effects of industrialization angered workers Working conditions Low pay Slums Socialists began to preach ideas of Karl Marx RUSSIA

10. As Russia continued to industrialize, problems increased 1.22.1905 Bloody Sunday beginning of Russian Revolution protests against living conditions under Nicholas II Nicholas II had 2 choices 1.put down revolt, which would ignite more protests 2.agree to help 10.30.1905October Manifesto Improved Civil Liberties Freedom of speech Freedom of assembly allowed for a Duma (elected national legislature) BUT, Duma could not initiate legislation RUSSIA