1. Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity When Napoleon’s conquests and eventual defeat changed the power structure of the German states, some Germans began to call for unification. In 1848, liberals demanded German political unity and offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the throne, which he declined. 1 of 5 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 1: Building a German Nation Bismarck Unites Germany When Otto von Bismarck became chancellor, he united the German states under Prussian rule. He built up the Prussian army and aggressively won provinces from Denmark and north German states under the control of Austria. Then Prussia defeated Napoleon III’s forces in the Franco- Prussian War of 1870.

2. Birth of the German Empire William I of Prussia became Kaiser and declared the birth of the Second Reich. 2 of 5 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 1: Building a German Nation

3. Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant Unified Germany’s natural resources and educated workforce led to fast industrial development. The coordination of railroads and reorganization of the banking system improved the economy. Scientists developed new products for industrial uses. 1 of 5 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 2: Germany Strengthens The Iron Chancellor German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tried to stifle opposition from within Germany. He wanted Catholics to put the state above the Church and had laws passed that allowed the state control over Catholic education and expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, among other things. To keep socialists at bay, he banned their newspapers and meetings. In the end, both groups rallied enough support to cause Bismarck to change his ways.

4. Kaiser William II In a bid for absolute power, the new Kaiser, William II, asked Bismarck to resign. His nationalism and military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I. 2 of 5 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 2: Germany Strengthens

5. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 2 Note Taking Transparency 139 3 of 5

6. Obstacles to Italian Unity At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states. Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists wanted to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language. 1 of 6 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 3: Unifying Italy

7. The Struggle for Italy Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia wanted to enlarge his kingdom. His prime minister, Count Camillo Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour provoked the war. France helped Sardinia defeat Austria and annex the province of Lombardy. Other provinces soon also joined Sardinia and with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist leader in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy. 2 of 6 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 3: Unifying Italy

8. Challenges Facing the New Nation Italy’s unification was not a smooth process. The industrial north and the agricultural south were difficult to bring together. The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the government that did away with the Papal States. Leftist radicals also fought against what they saw as a government that was too conservative. 3 of 6 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 3: Unifying Italy

9. The Hapsburg Empire Declines The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become independent. 1 of 6 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Formation of the Dual Monarchy Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and Hungary. This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states.

10. 2 of 6 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires The Ottoman Empire Collapses During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions was the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I.