1. German & Italian Unification
Label Germany and Italy
Nation state = a nation with its own government (sovereignty)

2. I. Why Unify Germany? Nationalism Common Language - German
Common Religion - Christianity
Common History & Customs
1 – food
2 - clothing
1871 – Unity there is strength
During the Middle Ages Germany not a nation, but a name – explain.
1618 Thirty Years War robbed it of its Renaissance with 300 princely states. 2/3 population killed

3. PRUSSIA 1815 Metternich opposed unification
Upset balance of power but nationalism grew stronger
Rhine and Ruhr valley were the powerhouse of industry – coal
Caesar’s outpost – roads in Gaul France for his legions

4. II. First Steps Toward German Unification
Impact of Napoleon
The Zollverein
1848 Frankfurt Assembly
Napoleon – Confederation of the Rhine 300 states to 100 led to german nationalistic opposition Napoleon’s Code and Confederation of Rhine from 300 states to 39.
Freed serfs and Jews
Unrestricted trade
Zollverein - ended tax barriers among the German states
1848 – Liberals met in Frankfurt, demands for German unity failed because (1) throne offered to Frederick William IV of Prussia – he rejected a throne offered “by the people” and (2) southern states did not want to cede their power.

5. III. Bismarck Architect of German Unity
Bismarck “Iron” Chancellor
Realpolitik = tough
politics “the end justifies
the means”
Uses “Blood and Iron”= war
and industry to unite German states
Makes alliances with Russia and Italy to isolate France
Bismarck from the Junker class (aristoctrat, land-owning nobility) a conservative
United economically first with zollverein in 1818 – taxes eliminated among member states in Confederation; guild system abolished which created a free market (had existed in England for over a century); guild workers become factory hands and middle class grew
became chancellor and built Prussian Power “little Germany” violated the 1848 Liberal Consitution (Executive – Kaiser, Legislative = Bundestrat or upper house of hereditary rulers and Reichstag lower house elected by all adult males.
Realpolitik – realism not idealism… POWER MORE IMPORTANT THAN PRINCIPLE
France weakened by war with Austria in support of Italy – Russia weak due to Crimean War Alliance secures Russian neutrality
Unity without democracy – lack of parliamentary tradition, example failure of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848.
Krupps Steel – nuclear fission of the day – steel (low carbon iron, tough) was a marvel
Blast furnaces couldn’t produce steel, only caste iron “pig iron” brittle b/c of high carbon content. British held secret of steel making (monopoly) for 70 years. Workers pledged an oath.
KRUPPS invention of two hallow coal musket barrels – ARMS. Traditional weapons were swords. Generals however were resistant to change. Cannons (BIG BERTHA) and rifles sat for years. Peaceful age, need war to fuel steel industry – when Willhelm crowned King of Prussia.

6. Realpolitik in Action
Seven Weeks War – Prussia defeats Austria and unifies northern Germany
EMS Dispatch - false reports of insults
angers French Emperor
Franco-Prussian War
Prussia gets Alsace & Lorraine
1871 Versailles–William I
becomes Kaiser of Germany
Germany is strongest
nation on the continent
1860s – First Prussia & Austria Allies, made war with Denmark in 1864
1866 – Seven weeks war with Austria ( railroads/telegrams speed war)
EMS – Bismarck engineering Leopold (a Hohenzollern) for King of Spain. Nap. III asked Wm. I reconsider. Wm sent word to Bismarck of France’s demands. Bismarck altered the French demands making France’s demand appear more threatening in German affairs. United southern German states as they hated France more than Prussia.
Kaiser Wilhelm II fired Bismarck , challenged England at sea, loses Bismarck’s allies
Germany
France

7. A- Common ethnicity = history, customs, language & religion
B-NATIONALISM-every ethnic
group wants to have and govern their own nation
Strong Nationalism – Roman Empire! (Emperor like wizard)
Wizard of Oz!
Mazzini = heart of unification
Cavour = brains of unification
Garibaldi = sword of unification
Commercial and entrepren of industrial north saw peninsula as market for Italian goods. Central gov. could build roads, bridges, dissolve tariff barriers and other impediments to trade.

8. First Steps Toward Unification
1848 The Risorgimento = nationalist uprisings failed
Mazzini – founded secret society of Young Italy with “Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs.”
Cavour – Victor Emmanuel’s Prime Minister (Sardinia). Improved Sardinia’s economy, free trade. Defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy
Cavour believed in realpolitik too, with France’s help, defeated Austrian’s.

9. Garibaldi D-VICTOR EMMANUEL AGREES TO BE KING IN 1871 Type of Gov???
Lincoln so impressed with Garibaldi that he offered him a position of commander of entire corps of the Union Army!
Fought in Latin America
1,000 vs. 24,000 troops and wins!
French preoccupied in Franco-Prussian War, Garibaldi took Rome
Pope gave up land – Church kept Vatican City, independent from Italy. Size of Syracuse
D-VICTOR EMMANUEL AGREES TO
BE KING IN 1871
Type of Gov???

10. Italy is united, but a weak nation Industrial North vs. Agrarian South
1860 – 1910 largest number of Italian immigrants “The Godfather”
Not strong like Germany with Krupp
F-MILLIONS EMIGRATE FOR THE U.S.