1. Bell ringer
Using your reading “Congress of Vienna” please answer the three questions on the worksheet.

2. German and Italian Unification movements

3. Italy before unification

4. Italian Unification movement - Leaders
Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Garibaldi Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

5. Giuseppe Mazzini
Formed a nationalist group known as “Young Italy” in 1832.
He called for an end to foreign rule and the unification of Italy based on the common language and culture of the people. The Italian nationalist movement was called the Risorgimento (“resurgence”)
1848: rebels failed and former rulers of Italian states drove Mazzini and other nationalist leaders into exile.

6. Cavour Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinian power.
Would unify the North

7. Giuseppe Garibaldi
Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group that gained control of Sicily in 1860).
Would unify the South and merge with North (under pressure)

8. Victor Emmanuel II
leader of Piedmont-Sardinia; future King

9. Goal and Plan of Italian unification
Goals: Rid Italy of foreign rule and unify North under Piedmont-Sardinia and annex the South
Plan: using “Realpolitik” use nationalism to increase strength of Piedmont-Sardinia and unify all of Italy

10. “RealPolitik”

11. Italian Unification process
1. Young Italy movement leads revolt in 1848
2. War vs. Austria gains Lombardy
3. Domino Effect causes Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna to revolt against foreign rulers
4. Red Shirts gain Sicily and Naples
5. Venetia gained by Seven Weeks War
6. Rome joins via the Franco-Prussian War

12. Date and Place of Unification
1860 Garibaldi and Emmanuel II meet in Naples agree to unite
1861 Meeting in Turin Emmanuel confirmed as king of Italy
Limited Constitutional Monarchy

13. Future Problems/Outcomes
Italy will face political, social, and economic problems:
1. little experience with self-government
2. rivalries between regions
3. language and transportation
4. unemployment/labor problems
5. standard of living will be low

14. German Unification movement

15. German Unification leaders
Wilhelm I= leader of Prussia; first Kaiser of unified Germany
Supported by the Junkers: Wealthy landowning class
Strongly conservative and opposed liberal ideas.

16. German Leaders
Ottto von Bismarck= prime minister of Prussia; first chancellor of unified Germany
Master of Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”): politics than leave no room for idealism.
Known as the “Iron Chancellor” for his realpolitik and his powerful rule.
Used diplomacy and wars to unite Germany.

17. German leaders
Wilhelm II= Kaiser of Germany; forces Bismarck to resign
Supports Militarism and Nationalism.
Will begin to build a navy to compete with Great Britain.

18. Goals and plans of German unification movement
Goals: unify German people under Prussia excluding Austria.
Plan: using “Realpolitik” use nationalism to increase strength of Prussia and unify all German people and by forming alliances to help

19. Unification process 1. Danish War in 1864 gains Schleswig and Holstein
2. Seven Weeks War in 1866 gains Prussia control of unification
3. Northern German Confederation created and excludes Austria and catholic states
4. Franco-Prussian War in 1870 joins southern German states with Northern German States

20. Date and Place of Unification
1871 German States meet in hall of mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
Declare the formation of the Second Reich
Limited Constitutional Monarchy

21. Future Problems/Outcomes
Germany will expand the empire and influence around the world
Germany will become a military and industrial power
Industrialization, Militarization, and Reforms

22. THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS

23. The Congress of Vienna established five Great Powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia.
By 1871, however, Britain and Germany were clearly the most powerful. The European balance of power had broken down.