The Axial Skeleton Skull: Cranium and Face Pages 146-152 Chapter 5 The Skeleton The Axial Skeleton Skull: Cranium and Face Pages 146-152

The Axial Skeleton Three parts comprise the axial skeleton Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.8a The human skeleton. Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula Sternum (ribs and sternum) Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals The Sea-blue bones make up the axial skeleton Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior view

Figure 5.8b The human skeleton. Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Upper limb Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Bones of pelvic girdle Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower limb Tibia Fibula The Sea-blue bones make up the axial skeleton (b) Posterior view

The Skull The Skull: All bones are joined by sutures Cranium Facial bones All bones are joined by sutures Immovable, interlocking joints The mandible is the only freely movable joint © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull: Cranium 8 cranial bones protect the brain 1. Frontal bone 2. Occipital bone 3. Ethmoid bone 4. Sphenoid bone 5–6. Parietal bones (pair) 7–8. Temporal bones (pair) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skull: Face There are 14 facial bones. All are paired except for the single mandible and vomer. Maxillae Zygomatics Palatines Nasals Lacrimals Inferior nasal conchae Mandible (1) Vomer (1) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bone Markings of the Skull Foramen or Canal: Openings for passage of vessels/nerves Process: bony prominence for muscle attachment Fossa: depression, usually for articulation

Figure 5.9 Human skull, lateral view. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Mandible (body) Mandibular ramus Mental foramen

Figure 5.10 Human skull, superior view (top of cranium removed). Frontal bone Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Crista galli Sphenoid bone Optic canal Sella turcica (houses pituitary gland) Temporal bone Foramen ovale Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum

Figure 5.11 Human skull, inferior view (mandible removed). Maxilla (palatine process) Hard palate Palatine bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Mandibular fossa Carotid canal Styloid process Jugular foramen Mastoid process Occipital condyle Temporal bone Parietal bone Foramen magnum Occipital bone

Figure 5.12 Human skull, anterior view. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Alveolar processes

Paranasal Sinuses Found in: Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Found in: Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary Functions :lighten the skull; amplify speech Sinus Infections: infections to the mucosae (mucous membranes) of the sinuses = sinusitis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.13a Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior view

Figure 5.13b Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus (b) Medial view

The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone; “floating” Functions: movable base for the tongue Attachment site for neck muscles Aids in swallowing and speech © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.14 Anatomical location and structure of the hyoid bone. Greater horn Lesser horn Body

Mnemonics for the Skull FACE “Many Monkeys Live In Very Nice Public Zoos” Mandible Maxilla Lacrimals Inferior Conchae Vomer Nasal Palatine Zygomatic CRANIUM “PEST of 6” Six bones: Parietal Ethmoid Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Frontal ORBIT “Poor Fat Suzy Likes Eating Many Zingers” Parietal Frontal Sphenoid Lacrimal Ethmoid Maxilla Zygomatic

The Fetal Skull Fontanels: fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones Allow skull compression during birth Allow brain growth during pregnancy and infancy Convert to bone within 24 months after birth © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.15b The fetal skull. Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal fontanel Parietal bone Frontal bone Posterior fontanel Occipital bone Mastoid fontanel Temporal bone