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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.) Sphenoid contains three pairs of processes: Greater wings Lesser wings Pterygoid processes Sphenoid contains several foramina: Optic canals: allow passage of optic nerves Superior orbital fissure: cranial nerve passage Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale: also passageways for cranial nerves Foramen spinosum: opening for arteries © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone.
Optic canal Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid Superior view Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process Posterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.) Ethmoid bone: deepest skull bone Superior part formed by paired cribriform plates that also form roof of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa Crista galli: triangular process that is point of attachment for brain’s dura mater covering Perpendicular plate: forms superior part of nasal septum and is flanked by lateral masses that contain sinuses called ethmoidal air cells Lateral masses extend medially to form superior and middle nasal conchae Orbital plates contribute to medial wall of orbits © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone.
Crista galli Cribriform plate with cribriform foramina Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.
View Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Crista galli Frontal bone Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform foramina Sphenoid Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Middle cranial fossa Foramen lacerum Temporal bone (petrous part) Internal acoustic meatus Posterior cranial fossa Jugular foramen Parietal bone Hypoglossal canal Occipital bone Foramen magnum Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.) Sutural bones Tiny, irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures Significance is unknown, as not everyone has these © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
Sagittal suture Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Mastoid process of temporal bone Occipitomastoid suture Occipital condyle External occipital crest Posterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones Facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, 12 of which are paired (mandible and vomer are single) Mandible Maxillary bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Mandible: largest, strongest bone of face U-shaped lower jawbone made up of body (chin) and two upright rami Mandibular angle: point where rami and chin meet Coronoid process: superior end of rami serves as insertion point for large temporalis muscle Condylar process: posterior to coronoid forms part of temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch: separates processes Body consists of alveolar process that contains sockets for teeth and mandibular symphysis ridge Foramina include mandibular (for nerves) and mental foramina (for nerves and blood vessels) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condylar process Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible Mandible, right lateral view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Maxillary bones (maxillae): medially fused to form upper jaw and central facial skeleton Upper teeth held in alveolar processes Anterior nasal spine forms just below nose Palatine process forms two-thirds of hard palate Frontal process: forms lateral bridge of nose Zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bones Maxillary sinuses: flank nasal cavity laterally © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Openings for nerves and blood vessels include: Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Incisive fossa and canal © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Maxilla, right lateral view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Zygomatic bones Form cheekbones and inferolateral margins of orbits Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal, frontal, and maxillary bones © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Nasal bones Form bridge of nose Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones Attach to cartilage that forms tip of nose Lacrimal bones Form medial walls of orbits Lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac allows passageway for tears to drain © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous part of frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Occipital bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Condylar process Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus External anatomy of the right side of the skull Coronoid process Mandibular angle © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Palatine bones L-shaped bones made from two bony plates Horizontal plate: completes posterior one-third of hard palate Perpendicular plate: forms part of posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits Vomer Plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.
Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoidal sinus Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.
Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar process of maxilla Hard palate Palatine process of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Facial Bones (cont.) Inferior nasal conchae Paired bones that form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity Largest of three pairs of conchae Ethmoid bone forms other two pairs © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.
Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoidal sinus Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Hyoid Bone Not a bone of skull Lies in anterior neck inferior to mandible Only bone in body that does not articulate directly with another bone Anchored by ligaments Acts as a movable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone. Greater horn Lesser horn Body © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity
Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands Sites of attachment for eye muscles Formed by parts of seven bones Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.13a Bones that form the orbits.
Photograph, right orbit © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.13b Bones that form the orbits.
Supraorbital notch Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Optic canal • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Medial wall • Orbital plate of frontal bone • Sphenoid body • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lateral wall of orbit • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Lacrimal bone • Greater wing of sphenoid bone Nasal bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure • Orbital process of palatine bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone • Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (cont.)
Nasal cavity: formed by parts of several bones Roof: cribriform plates of ethmoid Lateral walls: superior and middle conchae of ethmoid, perpendicular plates of palatine and Inferior nasal conchae Spaces between conchae called meatuses Conchae increase turbulence of air flow Floor: processes of palatine and maxillary bones Nasal septum Bony posterior formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid Anterior formed by septal cartilage © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.
Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoidal sinus Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.
Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar process of maxilla Hard palate Palatine process of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (cont.)
Paranasal sinuses: formed from five skull bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones All contain mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Functions: Warm and humidify air Help to lighten skull Enhance resonance of voice © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior aspect © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Medial aspect © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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