Cranium, Thorax and Spine

Cranium & Skull The difference? The difference? The Skull are all the bones of the head (including jawbone) The Skull are all the bones of the head (including jawbone) The Cranium are all the bones of the head (excluding jawbone). The Cranium are all the bones of the head (excluding jawbone). The Skull has 22 total bones The Skull has 22 total bones 8 Cranial bones The ones that enclose the brain 14 Facial bones The ones that make up the face All the bones of the skull are fused together They are called suture jts. Except for the jaw (mandible) which has a movable jt.

Vocabulary To rue (v)- to regret (normally used with “the day” after it). To rue (v)- to regret (normally used with “the day” after it). To laud (v)- to praise someone To laud (v)- to praise someone To deride (v)- to ridicule; make fun of To deride (v)- to ridicule; make fun of To abate (v) – to lessen the intensity To abate (v) – to lessen the intensity To glower (v)- to scowl; to meanly stare at someone. To glower (v)- to scowl; to meanly stare at someone. To gesticulate (v)- to overuse gestures while speaking To gesticulate (v)- to overuse gestures while speaking To glean (v)- to collect information bit by bit. To glean (v)- to collect information bit by bit.

Cranium There are 8 bones that protect the brain There are 8 bones that protect the brain Parietal Bone (Left and Right) They are the largest of the cranial bones They are the most superior and posterior Temporal Bone (Left and Right) It is the most lateral It is the bone that houses the ear cavity It is the bone that the jaw bone (mandible) articulates with Occipital Bone It is the most posterior It articulates with the cervical spine

Cranium (cont) Frontal Bone (forehead) (1) Frontal Bone (forehead) (1) It is the most anterior It is the most anterior Sphenoid Bone (1) Sphenoid Bone (1) It sits on the base (or bottom) of the skull It sits on the base (or bottom) of the skull The Ethmoid bone (1) The Ethmoid bone (1) It is a a facial bone but part of it punctures its way through the frontal bone. It is a a facial bone but part of it punctures its way through the frontal bone. The Base of the skull is made up of the The Base of the skull is made up of the Occipital bone (posterior) Occipital bone (posterior) Temporal and sphenoid (middle) Temporal and sphenoid (middle) Frontal (anterior) Frontal (anterior)

Sphenoid bone Sphenoid bone Fontanelle- Fontanelle- Squishy opening of cranium in babies before bones fuse together.

Facial Bones (14) The facial bones do not hold the brain. The facial bones do not hold the brain. Maxilla bone Maxilla bone It is your upper lip bone and around your nose It is your upper lip bone and around your nose Your upper teeth are attached to them Your upper teeth are attached to them Mandible bone Mandible bone Jaw bone Jaw bone Your lower teeth are attached to them Your lower teeth are attached to them It articulates c the temporal bone at the TMJ (temporo-mandibular jt) It articulates c the temporal bone at the TMJ (temporo-mandibular jt) Zygoma bone (aka Buccal bone) Zygoma bone (aka Buccal bone) It is your cheek bone It is your cheek bone Nasal Bone Nasal Bone Small bone at the bridge of nose Small bone at the bridge of nose The Rest of nose is cartilage The Rest of nose is cartilage

Facial Bones (14) Other Facial Bones Other Facial Bones Ethmoid bone Ethmoid bone Bone of your nasal cavity and eye socket Bone of your nasal cavity and eye socket Part of it pierces through frontal bone to anchor the brain. Part of it pierces through frontal bone to anchor the brain. Palatine (2) Palatine (2) bone that makes up the back top of your mouth bone that makes up the back top of your mouth Lacrimal (2) “tear” bone Lacrimal (2) “tear” bone Bone of your inner eye Bone of your inner eye Vomer Vomer Inferior Nasal Concha Inferior Nasal Concha Part of nasal cavity Part of nasal cavity It has a bunch of tunnels whose job is to warm up air to 1 degree of room temperature. It has a bunch of tunnels whose job is to warm up air to 1 degree of room temperature.

Identify parts of the skull

Sinuses Four sets of air-filled cavities in cranium Four sets of air-filled cavities in cranium Maxillary Sinus (2) One behind each cheek Ethmoid (2) They are behind the nose Sphenoid (2) They are behind the ethmoid sinuses Frontal (1) It is in the forehead Purpose of sinuses Purpose of sinuses To lessen the weight of the facial bones.

Cranium

The Orbit and Socket The Orbit and Socket The orbit is the opening of the eye socket. The orbit is the opening of the eye socket. The socket of the remainder of the cavity which holds the eyeball. The socket of the remainder of the cavity which holds the eyeball. Orbit/Socket is made up of 8 bones Orbit/Socket is made up of 8 bones Zygoma on the inferior Zygoma on the inferior Frontal on the superior Frontal on the superior Sphenoid/Ethmoid on the posterior Sphenoid/Ethmoid on the posterior Lacrimal on the medial Lacrimal on the medial Holds lacrimal ducts to allow us to cry Holds lacrimal ducts to allow us to cry Blow out fx Blow out fx Fx to zygoma; eyeball falls into maxillary sinus or falls out of orbit. Fx to zygoma; eyeball falls into maxillary sinus or falls out of orbit.

Suture Lines Suture Lines are the borders between cranial bones Suture Lines are the borders between cranial bones Sagittal suture Sagittal suture Separates the two parietal bones on top of head Separates the two parietal bones on top of head Coronal suture Coronal suture Separates parietal and frontal bones Separates parietal and frontal bones Lamboidal suture Lamboidal suture Separates parietal and occipital bones. Separates parietal and occipital bones. Squamosal suture Squamosal suture Separates parietal and temporal bones. Separates parietal and temporal bones. The Bregma The Bregma The point on the top of your head where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture The point on the top of your head where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture The Lambda The Lambda The point of the back of the head where the sagittal suture meets the squamosal suture. The point of the back of the head where the sagittal suture meets the squamosal suture. bregma lambda

Spine Otherwise known as The Vertebrae or Spinal Column Otherwise known as The Vertebrae or Spinal Column It is 24 individual vertebrae with intervertebral discs between each one Cervical (7)-Neck Thoracic (12)- Chest Lumbar (5) – Lower Back Spine also includes Sacrum (1)-Pelvis Coccyx (1)-Tailbone

Vertebrae All vertebrae are made up of 2 parts All vertebrae are made up of 2 parts Body- Main part of spine in which the discs sit on Body- Main part of spine in which the discs sit on Arch- Posterior part that encloses the spinal cord Arch- Posterior part that encloses the spinal cord Spinous Process- part of vertebrae you can touch Spinous Process- part of vertebrae you can touch Zygapophyseal Joint- Joint b/t two vertebrae on the arch. Zygapophyseal Joint- Joint b/t two vertebrae on the arch.

Discs Between each of the 24 vertebrae are cushy discs above and below it Between each of the 24 vertebrae are cushy discs above and below it Made of cartilage Made of cartilage Serves as shock absorber Serves as shock absorber Compression fractures Compression fractures Sometimes disc will rupture or herniate Sometimes disc will rupture or herniate Pain due to disc touching the spinal cord or other nerves Pain due to disc touching the spinal cord or other nerves Also called sciatica Also called sciatica

Cervical Spine “C-spine” 7 Neck bones 7 Neck bones Cervical 1-Cervical 7 (C1-C7) Articulate with occipital bone of cranium C1 is called the Atlas Where C1 articulates with the occipital bone, it is called the Atlanto-occipital joint Allows us to nod C2 is called the Axis C1-C2 joint allows us to turn our heads C-spine vertebrae are the smallest, weakest of all vertebrae C-spine vertebrae are the smallest, weakest of all vertebrae

Thoracic Spine “T-spine” There are 12 thoracic vertebrae There are 12 thoracic vertebrae Each T-spine vertebrae articulates with a pair of ribs Each T-spine vertebrae articulates with a pair of ribs It makes up the posterior section of the thorax It makes up the posterior section of the thorax

Lumbar Spine “L-spine” L-spine are the5 lower back vertebrae L-spine are the5 lower back vertebrae Biggest, strongest of all vertebrae Must likely part of spine to have a rupture disc

Sacrum and Coccyx Most inferior part of spine (vertebrae) Most inferior part of spine (vertebrae) Sacrum- 5 vertebrae fused together Sacrum- 5 vertebrae fused together It Forms posterior section of pelvic cavity It Forms posterior section of pelvic cavity Coccyx – 4 vertebrae fused together Coccyx – 4 vertebrae fused together Otherwise known as tailbone Otherwise known as tailbone

Pelvis Bones Pelvis onnects the spine to the legs Pelvis onnects the spine to the legs Holds the organs of the guts Holds the organs of the guts Made up of three bones that fuse together at your age The Ilium-Top aspect Iliac crest Most suporior part of bone you can touch The Pubic- bone of genital area The Ischium- bone of butt area Acetabulum-Cavity that femur fits into Pubic Symphisis- Cartilage in the pubic region that connects the left and right sides of pelvis The pelvis articulates with the Sacrum on the posterior side. They are called the SI joints (sacroiliac jts)

Open Book Fx- Pubic bones are separated and pelvis looks like an open book.

Thorax The Thorax (or thoracic cage) consists of which bones? The Thorax (or thoracic cage) consists of which bones? Sternum Sternum 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 12 Thoracic Vertebrae Ribs Ribs Which connect vertebrae to sternum Which connect vertebrae to sternum

Sternum (Breastbone) Protects the heart Protects the heart Made up of 3 sections Made up of 3 sections Manubrium Part of sternum that articulates with collar bone (clavicle) Body Most ribs connect here Xiphoid Process Bony tip at end

Ribs 12 pairs of ribs (24 total ribs) 12 pairs of ribs (24 total ribs) Articulate with T-spine in the back and sternum in the front Articulate with T-spine in the back and sternum in the front 12 T-spine vertebrae=12 ribs 12 T-spine vertebrae=12 ribs 3 sections 3 sections Ribs 1-7 are True Ribs They connect directly with sternum Ribs 8-10 are False Ribs They don’t connect directly with sternum They connect through the rib cartilage Ribs are Floating Ribs They don’t connect to sternum at all They are short and stubby Note: most ribs do not touch the sternum directly. It is their cartilage that touches.

CARTILAGE Vertebral discs Vertebral discs Pubic Symphisis Pubic Symphisis Rib Cartilage Rib Cartilage Nose and Ears Nose and Ears Ends of all bones Ends of all bones

Abbreviations a= before a= before p= after p= after RR= Respiratory Rate RR= Respiratory Rate UA= Urine Analysis UA= Urine Analysis c/o= complaints of c/o= complaints of r/o= rule out r/o= rule out Dx= diagnosis Dx= diagnosis

Total Bones 27 hand bones X 2= hand bones X 2= feet bones X 2= feet bones X 2= Cranial bones Cranial bones Upper Extremity bones Upper Extremity bones 10 8 Lower Extremity bones 8 8 Lower Extremity bones 8 24 vertebrae vertebrae 24 5 fused Sacrum, 4 fused Coccyx 9 5 fused Sacrum, 4 fused Coccyx 9 24 ribs + Sternum ribs + Sternum 25 Fused pelvis 2= 206!! Fused pelvis 2= 206!!

Quiz Know major bones of cranium and facial bones. What is the orbit? Know major bones of cranium and facial bones. What is the orbit? How many C-spine, T-spine, L-spine vertebrae? Atlas, Axis, which does what? How many C-spine, T-spine, L-spine vertebrae? Atlas, Axis, which does what? The 3 Parts of pelvis and sternum The 3 Parts of pelvis and sternum The 3 rib sections (true, false, floating) The 3 rib sections (true, false, floating) 2 parts of a vertebrae 2 parts of a vertebrae Bonus: Name the minor facial bones Bonus: Name the minor facial bones