1. Lecture #3

2.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

4.  Cranial – flat bones enclose and protect brain  Frontal bone: forehead and upper ridges of eye sockets  Parietal bones: upper left and right sides of skull  Temporal bones: lower left and right (ears)

5.  Sphenoid bone: back of the eye sockets  Ethmoid bone: contributes to eye sockets and helps to support the nose  Occipital bone: curves underneath to form the back & base of the skull  Foramen magnum (L. great opening): where vertebrae connects to skull

7. Facial bones - front  Maxilla – forms part of eye sockets and sockets to anchor upper row of teeth  Palatine bones – hard palate (roof of mouth)  Vomer bone – behind palatine & part of nasal septum

9.  Zygomatic bones: cheek bones & outer portion of eye socket  Nasal bones: underlie the upper bridge of nose (space between maxilla & nasal bones is the nasal cavity)  Lacrimal bones: inner eye sockets with tear duct (drains to nasal cavity)

10.  Mandible: lower jaw w/ sockets for teeth  Sinuses are air spaces which make the skull lighter and give the human voice its tone and resonance  Each sinus is lined with tissue that secretes mucus & connects to nasal cavity by small passageways

11.  Respiratory infections cause sinus tissue to become inflamed and block the passages to the nasal cavity  Sinusitis = sinus inflammation  Fluid gets trapped causing sinus pressure headache

14.  U-shaped, superior to larynx in the neck  The only bone that isn’t articulated with another bone  Suspended from styloid processes of temporal bone  Anchors the tongue & serves as attachment for swallowing muscles

16.  Skull to pelvis - rib attachment, pelvic girdle attachment  Protects spinal cord as it passes through vertebral canal  33 vertebrae  7 neck / cervical  12 chest / thoracic  5 lumbar / lower back  5 sacral  3-5 tailbone / coccygeal

17.  Cervical & lumbar = convex  Thoracic & sacral = concave

19.  12 thoracic vertebrae = 12 ribs connect to vertebrae posteriorly  Upper 7 connect directly to sternum via cartilage = true ribs  Lower 5 = false ribs – upper 3 attach to sternum with common cartilage & bottom 2 are not attached to sternum (floating)