1. Cranium, Thorax and Spine

2. Vocabulary
To rue (v)- to regret (normally used with “the day” after it).
To laud (v)- to praise someone
To deride (v)- to ridicule; make fun of
To abate (v) – to lessen the intensity
To glower (v)- to scowl; to meanly stare at someone.
To gesticulate (v)- to overuse gestures while speaking
To glean (v)- to collect information bit by bit.

3. Classification of Skeletal System
The skeletal system is divided into two sections
1. Appendicular
The arms, legs, and pelvis
2. Axial
The skull, spine, and thorax

4. Cranium
The Cranium is the hollow skeletal cavity which encloses the brain, eyes, nasal and oral cavities.
When the jawbone (mandible) is included, it is called the Skull.
The Skull has 22 total bones
8 bones in the Cranial Vault (Cavity)
The bones that actually enclose the brain
14 Facial bones
The small bones that make up the face
All the bones of the skull are fused together in suture joints.
Except for the jaw (mandible) which has a movable joint.

5. Cranial Vault These are 8 bones that protect the brain
Parietal Bone (Left and Right)
They are the largest of the cranial bones
They are the most superior and posterior
Temporal Bone (Left and Right)
It is the most lateral
It is the bone that houses the ear cavity
It is the bone that the jaw bone (mandible) articulates with
Occipital Bone
It is the most posterior
It articulates with the cervical spine

6. Cranial Vault (cont) Frontal Bone (forehead) (1) Sphenoid Bone (1)
It is the most anterior bone
Sphenoid Bone (1)
It sits on the base (or bottom) of the skull
The Ethmoid bone (1)
The Ethmoid is really a facial bone but part of it sticks out of frontal bone to “touch” the brain.

7. Sphenoid bone (anterior view) Fontanelle-
Base of skull (superior view)
Sphenoid bone (anterior view)
Fontanelle-
Squishy opening of cranium in babies before bones fuse together.

8. Facial Bones (14) The facial bones do not hold the brain. Maxilla bone
It is your upper lip bone and around your nose
Your upper teeth are attached to them
Mandible bone
Jaw bone
Your lower teeth are attached to them
It forms the only movable joint with the temporal bone
It is called the TMJ (tempero-mandibular joint)
Zygoma bone (aka Buccal bone)
It is your cheek bone
Nasal Bone
Small bone at the bridge of nose
The Rest of nose is cartilage

10. Facial Bones (14) Ethmoid bone Palatine Bone (2)
Other Facial Bones
Ethmoid bone
Palatine Bone (2)
Lacrimal (2) “tear” bone
Vomer Bones
Inferior Nasal Concha

11. Identify parts of the skull

12. Sinuses Four sets of air-filled cavities in cranium
Maxillary Sinus (2)
One behind each cheek in maxilla
Ethmoid (2)
Posterior to nasal cavity
Sphenoid (2)
Posterior to ethmoid sinuses
Frontal (1)
forehead
Ostia (tubes) connect sinuses to pharynx
Purpose of sinuses
To lessen the weight of the facial bones.

13. The Orbit and Socket The orbit is the opening of the eye socket.
Orbit/Socket is made up of 8 bones
Blow out fx
Fracture to maxilla below socket; eye
Tripod fx
Fx to lateral orbit (zygoma)

14. Cranium

19. Med Terms “Chondro”= Cartilage
Med Root “Ortho”= Straight (e.g. Orthodontist, Orthopedic Surgeon”)
Suffix “otomy”= surgical incision
Craniotomy- surgical incision of the cranium
Vertebroplasty=surgical repair of a vertebrae
Discectomy= removal of a ruptured disc in vertebrae
Abbreviations
TNR=Total Knee Replacement
PT= Physical Therapy
NSAIDs= non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. Ibuprofen, Motrin, Advil)
tx= treatment
c/o= complains of

20. Suture Lines bregma lambda
Suture Lines are the borders between cranial bones
Sagittal suture
Separates the two parietal bones on top of head
Coronal suture
Separates parietal and frontal bones
Lamboidal suture
Separates parietal and occipital bones.
Squamosal suture
Separates parietal and temporal bones.
The Bregma
The point on the top of your head where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture
The Lambda
The point of the back of the head where the sagittal suture meets the squamosal suture.
bregma
lambda

22. Spine Otherwise known as The Vertebrae or Spinal Column
It is 24 individual vertebrae with intervertebral discs between each one
Cervical (7)-Neck
Thoracic (12)- Chest
Lumbar (5) – Lower Back
Below the vertebrae are two bones:
Sacrum (1)-Pelvis
Coccyx (1)-Tailbone
The role of the spine
1. Protect the spinal cord
2. Provide form and structure to body (height).

23. Vertebrae All vertebrae are made up of 2 parts
Body- Main part of spine in which the discs sit on
Arch- Posterior part that protects the spinal cord

24. Discs Between each of the 24 vertebrae are discs
Made of cartilage
Serves as shock absorber
Sometimes disc will rupture or herniate
Pain due to disc touching the spinal cord or other nerves

25. Quiz-ito 1. Occipital 2. Parietal 3. Maxilla 4. Sphenoid 5. Temporal
A. Head with mandible
B. Head without mandible
C. Makes up posterior and inferior cranium
D. Bones of extremity
E. Cheek bone
F. Lateral bone of cranium
G. “Bat” looking bone that brain sits on
H. Surrounds the nose and upper jaw
I. Makes up superior cranium
J. Bones of skull, spine, and thorax
1. Occipital
2. Parietal
3. Maxilla
4. Sphenoid
5. Temporal
6. Zygoma
7. Axial
8. Skull
9. Cranium
10. Appendicular

26. Terms Craniotomy Anencephaly Osteophyte Osteopathy --------
Blowout fracture
Tripod fracture
Hangman’s fracture
Open Book fracture
Vertebroplasty
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

27. Cervical Spine “C-spine”
The 7 Neck bones are called Cervicle or C-spine.
Numbered Cervical 1-Cervical 7 (C1-C7)
C1 is called the Atlas
Allows us to nod
C2 is called the Axis
C1-C2 joint allows us to turn our heads
C-spine vertebrae are the smallest

28. Thoracic Spine “T-spine”
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae
Each T-spine vertebrae forms a joint with a pair of ribs

29. Lumbar Spine “L-spine”
L-spine are the5 lower back vertebrae
Biggest, strongest of all vertebrae
Must likely part of spine to have a rupture disc

30. Quiz-ito 1. Cervical Spine 2. Thoracic Spine 3. Lumbar Spine 4. Atlas
A. Piece of cartilage which anteriorly connects 2 sides of pelvis
B. Tail bone
C. 5 lower back vertebrae
D. Articulates with both pelvic bones. Bone distal to L5
E. Serves as shock absorption
F. C1
G. 12 Upper back vertebrae
H. 7 neck vertebrae
I. C2
J. Cranial bone that articulates with C1
1. Cervical Spine
2. Thoracic Spine
3. Lumbar Spine
4. Atlas
5. Axis
6. Sacrum
7. Coccyx
8. Intervertebral Discs
9. Pubic Symphyses
10. Occipital Bone

31. Sacrum and Coccyx
Sacrum and Coccyx are the most inferior part of spine
Sacrum- forms a joint with the left and right pelvic bones to create the Bony Pelvis.
Coccyx – aka tailbone

32. Bony Pelvis
The Bony Pelvis is comprised of 1. Rt & Lt Pelvic Bones and 2. Sacrum
Pelvis connects the spine to the legs
Holds the organs of the guts
Pelvis (Pelvic Bones)
Made up of three bones that fuse together at your age
1. The Ilium-the superior bone of pelvis,
Iliac crest- top of ilium
You can see it on skinny people
2. The Pubic- the anterior bone of pelvis; bone of genital area
3. The Ischium- the posterior bone of the pelvis. You sit on it.
Pubic Symphisis- Cartilage in the pubic region that connects the left and right sides of pelvis

34. Open Book Fx- Pubic bones are separated and pelvis looks like an open book.

35. Thorax The Thorax (or thoracic cage) consists of which bones? Sternum
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
Ribs
Which connect vertebrae to sternum

36. Sternum (Breastbone) Protects the heart Made up of 3 sections
1. Manubrium (top part)
Part of sternum that articulates with clavicle
2. Body (middle part)
Most ribs connect here
3. Xiphoid Process (bottom part)
Bony tip at end

38. Ribs 12 pairs of ribs (24 total ribs)
Articulate with T-spine in the back and sternum in the front via cartilage
12 T-spine vertebrae=12 ribs
3 sections
Ribs 1-7 are True Ribs
They connect directly with sternum
Ribs 8-10 are False Ribs
Their cartilage merge before articulating with ribs
Ribs are Floating Ribs
They don’t connect to sternum at all

41. CARTILAGE Vertebral discs Pubic Symphisis Rib Cartilage Nose and Ears
Ends of all bones

42. Total Bones 27 hand bones X 2= 54 26 feet bones X 2= 52
22 Cranial bones
10 Upper Extremity bones
8 Lower Extremity bones
24 vertebrae
5 fused Sacrum, 4 fused Coccyx 9
24 ribs + Sternum
Fused pelvis = 206!!

43. Abbreviations a= before p= after RR= Respiratory Rate
UA= Urine Analysis
c/o= complaints of
r/o= rule out
Dx= diagnosis

44. Quiz Know major bones of cranium and facial bones. What is the orbit?
How many C-spine, T-spine, L-spine vertebrae? Atlas, Axis, which does what?
The 3 Parts of pelvis and sternum
The 3 rib sections (true, false, floating)
2 parts of a vertebrae
Bonus: Name the minor facial bones